Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Dhanbad, 826 004, India.
Archeological Survey of India, Chandigarh Zone, Kendriya Sadan, Room No. 24, Sector-9A, Chandigarh, 160 009, India.
Environ Monit Assess. 2021 Jan 26;193(2):86. doi: 10.1007/s10661-021-08889-3.
The nature and sources of ionic species were studied in the monsoon rainwater collected from two monuments of the sixteenth-seventeenth century CE in the Yamuna River basin from 2016 to 2018. The results showed the acidic pH of the rainwater with high dissolved SO and NO, and soil-derived components (Ca, Mg, and K). The anionic (SO, NO, Cl, F, and HCO) and cationic (Ca, Mg, K, NH, and Na) concentrations showed regional differences in yearly contribution mainly from the fossil fuel combustion, soil dust, and farm residue burning. The rainwater analysis showed low dissolved ions at SCTK (Sheikh Chilli's Tomb, Kurukshetra) compared to KBMP (Kabuli Bagh Mosque, Panipat). The mean concentration of SO was 1.5 times higher than the NO apportioning the sulfate as a dominant acidifying constituent in rainwater. Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) showed terrestrial and marine origins of dissolved ions in the rainwater. The Na-normalized molar ratios and the analysis of sea salt and non-sea salt fractions indicate the dominance of non-marine contributions in the precipitation. Based on neutralization factors, cations showed neutralization of rainwater acidity as follows: NF > NF > NF > NF. The potential index showed the dominance of the neutralization potential (NP) on acidic potential (AP) at both locations.
本研究于 2016 年至 2018 年在亚穆纳河流域的两座 16-17 世纪古迹处采集季风降雨样本，对其中的离子种类的性质和来源展开研究。结果表明，雨水呈酸性，pH 值较低，且溶解有大量 SO 和 NO 以及源自土壤的成分（Ca、Mg 和 K）。阴离子（SO、NO、Cl、F 和 HCO）和阳离子（Ca、Mg、K、NH 和 Na）的浓度存在年度差异，主要源自化石燃料燃烧、土壤扬尘和农田残茬燃烧等地区性因素。雨水分析显示，SCTK（谢赫·奇利墓，库尔喀特拉）的溶解离子浓度低于 KBMP（卡布利巴格清真寺，帕尼帕特）。SO 的平均浓度比 NO 高出 1.5 倍，表明硫酸盐是雨水酸化的主要致酸物质。皮尔逊相关分析和主成分分析（PCA）表明，雨水样本中的溶解离子源自陆地和海洋。经 Na 归一化后的摩尔比以及海盐和非海盐成分分析表明，降水主要源自非海盐成分。根据中和因子，阳离子对雨水酸度的中和能力排序为：NF > NF > NF > NF。潜在指数表明，在两个地点，中和能力（NP）均对酸性潜力（AP）起主导作用。
