Dawson Peter, Webb Tom, Downward Paul
School of Economics, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
Eur J Sport Sci. 2022 Mar;22(3):417-424. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1881619. Epub 2021 Feb 21.
Emergent research has investigated the impact of abuse on the decision of match officials to leave their sport. The existing literature is largely descriptive and qualitative. Based on large surveys of football referees in France and the Netherlands, this paper investigates the factors that are associated with the verbal and physical abuse of the referees and also the association of this abuse with the intentions of referees to quit officiating. The associations are investigated by estimating the marginal effects from bivariate probit and probit models respectively. Bivariate probit estimation reveals a strong correlation between each form of abuse. Both, unsurprisingly, are also positively associated with years of experience of referees. Probit estimation reveals that both forms of abuse, as well as intimidation from refereeing certain teams, are associated with an increased consideration of referees to quit. As increased intention to quit is also associated with the experience of the referee it is likely that the effect of abuse on referee considerations of quitting increase through time. The main conclusions are that the alternative forms of abuse are not zero-sum and both should be targeted by governing bodies to reduce the decline in the number of football referees. The data show that support of referees, for example through mentoring, can offset stated intentions to quit.This study looks at the factors that are associated with verbal and physical abuse of football referees and the association of this abuse with the intentions to quit.The alternative forms of abuse are not zero-sum and both should be targeted to reduce the decline in referees.Support of referees, for example through mentoring, can offset stated intentions to quit.
新兴研究调查了虐待行为对比赛官员离开其体育项目这一决定的影响。现有文献大多是描述性和定性的。基于对法国和荷兰足球裁判的大规模调查，本文研究了与裁判遭受言语和身体虐待相关的因素，以及这种虐待与裁判退出裁判工作意图之间的关联。分别通过估计双变量概率模型和概率模型的边际效应来研究这些关联。双变量概率估计显示，每种虐待形式之间存在很强的相关性。不出所料，这两种形式的虐待也都与裁判的工作年限呈正相关。概率估计显示，这两种虐待形式以及来自执法某些球队时受到的恐吓，都与裁判更多地考虑退出有关。由于退出意图的增加也与裁判的经验有关，虐待行为对裁判退出考虑的影响可能会随着时间的推移而增加。主要结论是，不同形式的虐待并非零和关系，管理机构应针对这两种形式的虐待采取措施，以减少足球裁判数量的下降。数据表明，例如通过指导来支持裁判，可以抵消他们表示的退出意图。本研究考察了与足球裁判遭受言语和身体虐待相关的因素，以及这种虐待与退出意图之间的关联。不同形式的虐待并非零和关系，都应加以应对以减少裁判数量的下降。对裁判的支持，例如通过指导，可以抵消他们表示的退出意图。
