Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
Emergency Department, Kreiskrankenhaus Freiberg gGmbH, Freiberg, Germany.
Int J Sports Med. 2021 Jul;42(9):840-846. doi: 10.1055/a-1342-8030. Epub 2021 Jan 27.
Inert gas bubbles frequently occur in SCUBA divers' vascular systems, eventually leading to decompression accidents. Only in professional settings, dive profiles can be adjusted on individual basis depending on bubble grades detected through ultrasonography. A total of 342 open-circuit air dives following sports diving profiles were assessed using echocardiography. Subsequently, (Eftedal-Brubakk) bubble grades were correlated with dive and individual parameters. Post-dive cardiac bubbles were observed in 47% of all dives and bubble grades were significantly correlated with depth (r=0.46), air consumption (r=0.41), age (r=0.25), dive time (r=0.23), decompression diving (r=0.19), surface time (r=- 0.12). Eftedal-Brubakk categorical bubble grades for sports diving with compressed air can be approximated by bubble grade = (age50 - surface time150+maximum depth45+air consumption4500) (units in years, hours, meter, and bar*liter; R=0.31). Thus, simple dive and individual parameters allow reasonable estimation of especially relevant medium to higher bubble grades for information on relevant decompression stress after ascent. Echo bubble grade 0 is overestimated by the formula derived. However, echo might fail to detect minor bubbling only. The categorical prediction of individual decompression stress with simple bio and dive data should be evaluated further to be developed towards dive computer included automatic ex-post information for decision-making on individual safety measures.
在 SCUBA 潜水员的血管系统中经常会出现惰性气泡，最终导致减压事故。只有在专业环境中，才能根据超声检测到的气泡等级，针对个体调整潜水剖面。对 342 次按照运动潜水剖面进行的开放式空气潜水进行了超声心动图评估。随后，（Eftedal-Brubakk）将气泡等级与潜水和个体参数相关联。在所有潜水的 47%中观察到潜水后心脏气泡，并且气泡等级与深度（r=0.46）、空气消耗（r=0.41）、年龄（r=0.25）、潜水时间（r=0.23）、减压潜水（r=0.19）、水面时间（r=-0.12）显著相关。用压缩空气进行运动潜水的 Eftedal-Brubakk 气泡等级可以通过气泡等级=（年龄50-水面时间150+最大深度45+空气消耗4500）（单位为年、小时、米和巴*升；R=0.31）来近似。因此，简单的潜水和个体参数可以合理估计特别是与相关减压应激相关的中等到更高的气泡等级，以便在上升后获取相关信息。公式推导的 echo 气泡等级 0 被高估了。然而，echo 可能只是无法检测到轻微的冒泡。应进一步评估使用简单的生物和潜水数据对个体减压应激的分类预测，以开发包含自动事后信息的潜水计算机，用于决策个体安全措施。
