Ungar Michael, Theron Linda, Murphy Kathleen, Jefferies Philip
Faculty of Health, School of Social Work, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
Front Psychol. 2021 Jan 12;11:607994. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607994. eCollection 2020.
In contexts of exposure to atypical stress or adversity, individual and collective resilience refers to the process of sustaining wellbeing by leveraging biological, psychological, social and environmental protective and promotive factors and processes (PPFPs). This multisystemic understanding of resilience is generating significant interest but has been difficult to operationalize in psychological research where studies tend to address only one or two systems at a time, often with a primary focus on individual coping strategies. We show how multiple systems implicated in human resilience can be researched in the same study using a longitudinal, six-phase transformative sequential mixed methods study of 14- to 24-year-olds and their elders in two communities dependent on oil and gas industries (Drayton Valley, Canada, and Secunda/eMbalenhle, South Africa). Data collection occurred over a 5-year period, and included: (1) community engagement and the identification of youth health and well-being priorities; (2) participatory youth-centric qualitative research using one-on-one semi-structured interviews and arts-based methods; (3) survey of 500 youth at three time points to assess psychosocial health indicators and outcomes; (4) collection of hair samples to assess stress biomarkers (cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone-DHEA) over time; (5) youth-led ecological data collection and assessment of historical socio-economic development data; and (6) community resource mapping with community elders. Analyzing data from these multiple systems will allow us to understand the interrelationship and impact of PPFPs within and across systems. To date, we have undertaken thematic and narrative qualitative analyses, and descriptive analyses of the preliminary ecological and survey data. As we proceed, we will combine these and grounded theory approaches with innovative techniques such as latent transition analysis and network analysis, as well as modeling of economic conditions and spatial analysis of human geographies to understand patterns of PPFPs and their inter-relationships. By analyzing the complexity of data collected across systems (including cultural contexts) we are demonstrating the possibility of conducting multisystemic resilience research which expands the way psychological research accounts for positive development under stress in different contexts. This comprehensive examination of resilience may offer an example of how the study of resilience can inform socially and contextually relevant interventions and policies.
在面临非典型压力或逆境的情况下，个体和集体的复原力是指通过利用生物、心理、社会和环境方面的保护与促进因素及过程（PPFP）来维持幸福感的过程。这种对复原力的多系统理解正引发广泛关注，但在心理学研究中却难以付诸实践，因为这类研究往往一次只涉及一两个系统，且通常主要聚焦于个体应对策略。我们展示了如何在同一研究中对涉及人类复原力的多个系统进行研究，该研究采用纵向、六阶段变革性序列混合方法，以两个依赖石油和天然气行业的社区（加拿大的德雷顿谷以及南非的塞昆达/恩巴伦赫勒）中14至24岁的年轻人及其长辈为研究对象。数据收集历时5年，包括：（1）社区参与以及确定青少年健康与幸福的优先事项；（2）以青少年为中心的参与式定性研究，采用一对一的半结构化访谈和基于艺术的方法；（3）在三个时间点对500名青少年进行调查，以评估心理社会健康指标和结果；（4）采集头发样本，以评估随时间变化的压力生物标志物（皮质醇和脱氢表雄酮 - DHEA）；（5）由青少年主导的生态数据收集以及对历史社会经济发展数据的评估；（6）与社区长辈进行社区资源测绘。对来自这些多个系统的数据进行分析，将使我们能够理解PPFP 在系统内部和系统之间的相互关系及影响。到目前为止，我们已经进行了主题和叙事性定性分析，以及对初步生态和调查数据的描述性分析。随着研究的推进，我们将把这些方法与扎根理论方法相结合，并运用潜在转变分析和网络分析等创新技术，以及经济状况建模和人类地理空间分析，以理解PPFP 的模式及其相互关系。通过分析跨系统（包括文化背景）收集的数据的复杂性，我们正在证明进行多系统复原力研究的可能性，这扩展了心理学研究在不同背景下解释压力下积极发展的方式。这种对复原力的全面考察可能为复原力研究如何为社会和情境相关的干预措施及政策提供信息提供一个范例。
