Institute for the History, Theory and Ethics of Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.
J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2021 Apr;49(4):329-335. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2020.12.014. Epub 2021 Jan 6.
This study examines the political role of German and Austrian maxillofacial surgeons in the Third Reich. It is based on archival sources, most of which have been evaluated for the first time - including the National Socialist Workers' Party membership files in the Federal Archives in Berlin. The examinations yielded five key findings: (1) A total of 187 specialist surgeons were identified; 116 (62%) of these were members of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). (2) More than half of the collective (54%) belonged to the educated or property-owning bourgeoisie due to their father's profession; surgeons of bourgeois origin generally showed barely any less affinity to the NSDAP than those who came from the middle class. (3) Party members were able to further their careers during the Third Reich far more frequently than non-members. (4) The specialist surgeons were deeply divided regarding the question of the forced sterilization of patients with cleft lips and palates. (5) After 1945, the vast majority of NSDAP members did not suffer any career setbacks. It can be concluded that maxillofacial surgeons joined the NSDAP to a greater extent than the medical profession as a whole (ca. 45%). This was partly due to the fact that the Nazis emphasized the important role of maxillofacial surgeons in the care of injured soldiers and civilians. In addition, most maxillofacial surgeons were employed at university hospitals, where party membership was particularly career-enhancing.
本研究考察了德国和奥地利颌面外科医生在第三帝国中的政治角色。它基于档案资料，其中大部分资料是首次评估的，包括柏林联邦档案馆中的国家社会主义工人党党员档案。研究结果有五个关键发现：（1）共确定了 187 名专科外科医生；其中 116 名（62%）是纳粹党（NSDAP）成员。（2）由于父亲的职业，超过一半的集体成员（54%）属于受过教育或拥有财产的资产阶级；资产阶级出身的外科医生对 NSDAP 的亲和力几乎不亚于中产阶级出身的外科医生。（3）在第三帝国期间，党员比非党员更频繁地晋升职业生涯。（4）专科外科医生在强制对唇腭裂患者进行绝育的问题上存在严重分歧。（5）1945 年后，绝大多数 NSDAP 成员没有遭受任何职业挫折。可以得出结论，颌面外科医生加入 NSDAP 的程度比整个医学界（约 45%）更大。这在一定程度上是因为纳粹党强调了颌面外科医生在照顾受伤士兵和平民方面的重要作用。此外，大多数颌面外科医生都在大学医院工作，在那里，党员身份特别有助于职业发展。
