Wei Xu, Huang Meiling, Yue Qu, Ma Shuo, Li Ben, Mu Zhiqiang, Peng Chuan, Gao Wenxuan, Liu Wenli, Zheng Jiaxin, Weng Xiaodong, Sun Xiaohui, Zuo Qingqiu, Bo Shunqi, Yuan Xiao, Zhang Wei, Yang Gang, Ding Youzhong, Wang Xiaoming, Wang Tianhou, Hua Panyu, Wang Zhenghuan
School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China.
Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau Shanghai Forestry Bureau Shanghai China.
Evol Appl. 2020 Nov 7;14(1):117-135. doi: 10.1111/eva.13156. eCollection 2021 Jan.
Understanding the mechanisms of how urbanization influences the evolution of native species is vital for urban wildlife ecology and conservation in the Anthropocene. With thousands of years of agriculture-dominated historical urbanization followed by 40 years of intensive and rapid urbanization, Shanghai provides an ideal environment to study how the two-stage urbanization process influences the evolution of indigenous wildlife, especially of anuran species. Therefore, in this study, we used mitochondrial gene, microsatellite (SSR), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to evaluate the demographic history and genetic structure of the eastern golden frog (), by sampling 407 individuals from 15 local populations across Shanghai, China. All local populations experienced bottlenecks during historical urbanization, while the local populations in urban areas maintained comparable contemporary effective population sizes ( ) and genetic diversity with suburban and rural populations. Nevertheless, the rapid modern urbanization has already imposed significant negative effects to the integrity of populations. The 15 local populations were differentiated into eight genetic clusters, showing a spatial distribution pattern consistent with the current urbanization gradient and island-mainland geography. Although moderate gene flow still occurred from the rural peripheral cluster to urban and suburban clusters, population fragmentation was more serious in the urban and suburban populations, where higher urbanization levels within 2-km radius areas showed significant negative relationships to the and genetic diversity of local populations. Therefore, to protect urban wildlife with limited dispersal ability, improving conditions in fragmented habitat remnants might be most essential for local populations living in more urbanized areas. Meanwhile, we highlight the need to preserve large unfragmented rural habitats and to construct corridor networks to connect discrete urban habitat remnants for the long-term wildlife conservation in intensively urbanizing environments.
了解城市化如何影响本地物种进化的机制，对人类世的城市野生动物生态学和保护至关重要。上海有着数千年以农业为主导的历史城市化进程，随后又经历了40年的高强度快速城市化，为研究两阶段城市化进程如何影响本土野生动物尤其是蛙类物种的进化提供了理想环境。因此，在本研究中，我们通过从中国上海15个本地种群中采集407个个体的样本，利用线粒体基因、微卫星（SSR）和单核苷酸多态性（SNP）数据，评估了金线侧褶蛙的种群历史和遗传结构。所有本地种群在历史城市化过程中都经历了瓶颈效应，而城市地区的本地种群与郊区和农村种群在当代有效种群大小和遗传多样性方面保持相当。然而，快速的现代城市化已经对种群的完整性产生了显著负面影响。15个本地种群分化为8个遗传簇，呈现出与当前城市化梯度和岛屿 - 大陆地理一致的空间分布模式。尽管仍有适度的基因流从农村边缘簇流向城市和郊区簇，但城市和郊区种群的种群碎片化更为严重，在半径2公里区域内城市化水平较高的地方与本地种群的有效种群大小和遗传多样性呈现显著负相关。因此，为保护扩散能力有限的城市野生动物，改善碎片化栖息地残余的条件对生活在城市化程度更高地区的本地种群可能最为关键。同时，我们强调需要保护大片未碎片化的农村栖息地，并构建廊道网络连接离散的城市栖息地残余，以在快速城市化环境中实现长期的野生动物保护。
