The Strategies of Parental Involvement in Adolescents' Education and Extracurricular Activities.

Different parental strategies in education are bound to produce various effects: not all of these strategies are equally productive in their application. At the same time, the impact of parental involvement in general education on their children's extracurricular activities has not been thoroughly studied. This article attempts to fill this gap by analyzing the relationship between strategies of parental involvement in education and adolescents' participation in extracurricular activities. The data source for this study were parents whose children attend general education institutions (N = 3,887; M = 12.4, SD = 3.1; 55.6% female). A latent class analysis identified three categories of parental participation in education: "Intrusive", "Supervisory", and "Detached". Each category showed different patterns of involvement from primary to high school, distinguished by the type of extracurricular participation encouraged by parents. In primary school, children of "Intrusive" parents attended the highest number of extracurricular activities. In secondary school, they attended fewer activities compared to the children of "Supervisory" parents. Children of "Supervisory" parents often chose to participate in activities on their own, and continued to attend the selected activity, or change activity on their own initiative. The children of "Detached" parents were less involved in extracurricular activities in primary school. In some cases, they chose their own extracurricular activities as they grew older. The study demonstrates that parental involvement is related to adolescents' participation in extracurricular activities. Parents' strategies should be considered instrumental as they produce a variety of different outcomes, depending upon the adolescents' age and type of activities. The identified strategies may serve as a basis for recommendations for development of parental competencies, consultations, and family education.