Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via Dei Vestini 31, 66013, Chieti, IT, Italy.
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Eat Weight Disord. 2021 Dec;26(8):2523-2529. doi: 10.1007/s40519-020-01103-2. Epub 2021 Feb 5.
According to the phenomenological perspective, the lived body disorder is a core feature of feeding and eating disorders (FEDs). Persons with FEDs experience their own body first of all as an object looked by another person, rather than coenaesthetically or from a first-person perspective. In particular, the main features of this disorder are: alienation from the own body and from the own emotions, disgust for it, shame, and an exaggerated preoccupation for the way in which one appears to the others. Phenomenological research has recently highlighted that the gaze of the Other plays an important role. Because persons with FEDs cannot have an experience of their own body from within or coenesthetically, they need to apprehend their own body from outside through the gaze of the Other. This way of apprehending one's own body when it is looked by another person is called by Sartre the 'lived body-for-others'. Normally, the constitution of one's own body, and consequently of one's own Self and identity depends on the dialectic integration between the first-person apprehension of one's body (lived body) that it is based on coenaesthesia, and the third-person one, that it is based on the sense of sight (lived-body-for-others). When the dialectic is unbalanced toward the pole of the lived-body-for-others, experienced from without, the symptom occurs. Starting from these clinical observations, the so-called Optical-Coenaesthetic Disproportion model has been developed. In this paper, we describe this model, its philosophical and clinical foundations, and finally its clinical implication and its relationship with other disciplines, i.e., neurosciences. Level of evidence: V.
根据现象学观点，体验身体障碍是进食障碍（FED）的核心特征。患有 FED 的人首先将自己的身体体验为他人注视的对象，而不是共感觉或第一人称视角。特别是，这种障碍的主要特征包括：与自身身体和自身情绪的异化、对其的厌恶、羞耻感，以及对自己在他人眼中的表现的过分关注。现象学研究最近强调了他人的注视起着重要作用。因为患有 FED 的人无法从内部或共感觉上体验自己的身体，所以他们需要通过他人的目光从外部理解自己的身体。萨特称这种通过他人的目光理解自己身体的方式为“他人的体验身体”。通常，一个人的身体的构成，以及随之而来的自我和身份的构成，取决于基于共感觉的对自己身体（体验身体）的第一人称理解和基于视觉的第三人称理解之间的辩证整合（他人的体验身体）。当这种辩证关系向来自外部的他人的体验身体倾斜时，症状就会出现。从这些临床观察出发，已经开发出所谓的光学-共感觉失配模型。在本文中，我们描述了这个模型，它的哲学和临床基础，最后是它的临床意义及其与其他学科的关系，即神经科学。证据水平：V。
