Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
Physiol Plant. 2021 Sep;173(1):201-222. doi: 10.1111/ppl.13361. Epub 2021 Feb 22.
Fe is the fourth abundant element in the earth crust. Fe toxicity is not often discussed in plant science though it causes severe morphological and physiological disorders, including reduced germination percentage, interferes with enzymatic activities, nutritional imbalance, membrane damage, and chloroplast ultrastructure. It also causes severe toxicity to important biomolecules, which leads to ferroptotic cell death and induces structural changes in the photosynthetic apparatus, which results in retardation of carbon metabolism. However, some agronomic practices like soil remediation through chemicals, nutrients, and organic amendments and some breeding and genetic approaches can provide fruitful results in enhancing crop production in Fe-contaminated soils. Some quantitative trait loci have been reported for Fe tolerance in plants but the function of underlying genes is just emerging. Physiological and molecular mechanism of Fe uptake, translocation, toxicity, and remediation techniques are still under experimentation. In this review, the toxic effects of Fe on seed germination, carbon assimilation, water relations, nutrient uptake, oxidative damages, enzymatic activities, and overall plant growth and development have been discussed. The Fe dynamics in soil rhizosphere and role of remediation strategies, that is, biological, physical, and chemical, have also been described. Use of organic amendments, microbe, phytoremediation, and biological strategies is considered to be both cost and environment friendly for the purification of Fe-contaminated soil, while to ensure better crop yield and quality the manipulation of agronomic practices are suggested.
铁是地壳中第四丰富的元素。尽管铁毒性会导致严重的形态和生理紊乱，包括降低发芽率、干扰酶活性、营养失衡、膜损伤和叶绿体超微结构，但其在植物科学中并不常被讨论。它还会对重要的生物分子造成严重毒性，导致铁死亡和诱导光合器官的结构变化，从而减缓碳代谢。然而，一些农业实践，如通过化学物质、养分和有机改良剂进行土壤修复，以及一些培育和遗传方法，可以为提高受铁污染土壤中作物的产量提供丰硕的成果。已经报道了一些植物对铁耐受性的数量性状位点，但潜在基因的功能才刚刚出现。铁的吸收、转运、毒性和修复技术的生理和分子机制仍在实验中。在这篇综述中，讨论了铁对种子发芽、碳同化、水分关系、养分吸收、氧化损伤、酶活性以及整个植物生长和发育的毒性影响。还描述了土壤根际中铁的动态变化以及修复策略（生物、物理和化学）的作用。有机改良剂、微生物、植物修复和生物策略的使用被认为是净化铁污染土壤既经济又环保的方法，而为了确保更好的作物产量和质量，则建议操纵农业实践。
