State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
Chemosphere. 2021 Jul;274:129784. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129784. Epub 2021 Jan 25.
The benzenes have attracted worldwide attention due to their high biological toxicity in the environment. In this study, using species sensitivity distribution method to derive the aquatic life criteria of 7 benzenes (carbazole, 1,3-Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-Dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, phenol, 2,4-Dichlorophenol and nitrobenzene), then risk quotient method (RQ), potentially affected fraction (PAF) method and joint probability curve (JPC) method were applied for multilevel ecological risk assessment for 7 benzenes in Tai Lake Basin. In addition, the human health ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) of 7 benzenes were derived according to USEPA guidelines, and the probability distributions of human health AWQC for 7 benzenes in China were simulated by Monte Carlo simulation combined with crystal ball software. Finally, the health risks of 7 benzenes in Tai Lake were assessed by RQ method assisted by Monte Carlo simulation. The results showed that nitrobenzene had the maximum aquatic life criteria value, followed by phenol, chlorobenzenes, 2,4-Dichlorophenol and carbazole. All recommended human health AWQC values of 7 benzenes were found at a position of 27th-55th percentiles in the output criteria distributions, indicating that recommended national human health AWQC values could provide effective protection for most of the population in China. Furthermore, the consumption of aquatic products was found to be the most influential parameter of human health AWQC for benzenes with higher Kow values. The risk assessments showed that noncarcinogenic 2,4-Dichlorophenol had potential ecological risk, carcinogenic carbazole and 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene had significant human health risk in Tai Lake.
由于苯在环境中的生物毒性很高，因此引起了全世界的关注。在本研究中，采用物种敏感性分布方法推导出 7 种苯（咔唑、1,3-二氯苯、1,4-二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯、苯酚、2,4-二氯苯酚和硝基苯）的水生生物基准，然后采用风险商数法（RQ）、潜在影响分数（PAF）法和联合概率曲线（JPC）法对太湖流域 7 种苯进行多层次生态风险评估。此外，根据美国环保署的指南，推导出了 7 种苯的人体健康环境水质基准（AWQC），并结合 Crystal Ball 软件的蒙特卡罗模拟，模拟了中国 7 种苯的人体健康 AWQC 的概率分布。最后，通过蒙特卡罗模拟辅助 RQ 法对太湖 7 种苯的健康风险进行了评估。结果表明，硝基苯的水生生物基准值最大，其次是苯酚、氯苯、2,4-二氯苯酚和咔唑。7 种苯的所有推荐的人体健康 AWQC 值都出现在输出基准分布的第 27 至 55 百分位，这表明推荐的国家人体健康 AWQC 值可以为中国大部分人口提供有效保护。此外，发现 Kow 值较高的苯的人体健康 AWQC 的最具影响力的参数是水产品的消费。风险评估表明，非致癌性的 2,4-二氯苯酚具有潜在的生态风险，致癌性的咔唑和 1,2,4-三氯苯在太湖具有显著的人体健康风险。
