School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Nebraska Center for Justice Research, University of Nebraska Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, 218 CPACS, Omaha, NE, 68182-0149, USA.
College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, 145 Convocation Way, 315 Eppes Hall, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1273, USA; Center for Social and Humanities Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Child Abuse Negl. 2021 Apr;114:104962. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104962. Epub 2021 Feb 3.
Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have negative effects on subsequent wellbeing, questions remain regarding how and why they do so. Sex, environmental effects, and genetic influences may play a role in both one's exposure to ACEs as well as one's reactions to ACEs.
To understand the combined genetic and environmental influences on males' and females' exposure and reactions to ACEs, and to determine whether sex differences in offending and depressive symptoms were partially impacted by genetic influences.
We employed a sample of monozygotic twins (n = 217 pairs), same-sex dizygotic twins (n = 185 pairs), and same-sex full siblings (n = 446 pairs) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 848 pairs) and estimated a series of multivariable biometric models. Participants were aged between 12 and 21 during Wave I, between 13 and 22 at Wave II, between 18 and 26 at Wave III, and 24 and 32 at Wave IV.
First, there appears to be a stronger genetic influence on ACEs exposure among males than females. Second, genetic influences were stronger on offending among males and depression among females. Third, ACEs moderate the genetic influences on offending and depressive symptomology among males and females: among males, genetic influences on offending decreased as exposure to ACEs increased, while among females, genetic influences on depressive symptoms decreased as exposure to ACEs increased.
Systematic sex differences in the exposure and reactions to ACEs are at least partially due to genetic differences. Exposure to ACEs is partially influenced by genetics among males, but not females, and the more male and females' experience ACEs, the less influence genes have on their offending and depressive symptomology, respectively.
尽管不良的童年经历（ACEs）对随后的幸福感有负面影响，但仍存在一些问题，例如这些经历是如何以及为何产生影响的。性别、环境影响和遗传影响可能在一个人接触 ACEs 以及对 ACEs 的反应中都发挥作用。
了解男性和女性接触和对 ACEs 反应的遗传和环境综合影响，并确定犯罪和抑郁症状的性别差异是否部分受遗传影响。
我们利用国家青少年至成人健康纵向研究（N = 848 对）中的同卵双胞胎（n = 217 对）、同性别异卵双胞胎（n = 185 对）和同性别全同胞（n = 446 对）的样本，估计了一系列多变量生物计量模型。参与者在第一波（Wave I）时年龄在 12 至 21 岁之间，第二波（Wave II）时在 13 至 22 岁之间，第三波（Wave III）时在 18 至 26 岁之间，第四波（Wave IV）时在 24 至 32 岁之间。
首先，男性 ACEs 暴露的遗传影响似乎比女性更强。其次，男性的犯罪行为和女性的抑郁症状的遗传影响更强。第三，ACEs 调节了男性和女性对犯罪和抑郁症状的遗传影响：在男性中，随着 ACEs 暴露的增加，遗传对犯罪的影响减小，而在女性中，随着 ACEs 暴露的增加，遗传对抑郁症状的影响减小。
对 ACEs 的暴露和反应存在系统性的性别差异，至少部分是由于遗传差异。男性对 ACEs 的暴露部分受遗传影响，但女性不受遗传影响，而且男性和女性经历 ACEs 的次数越多，基因对他们的犯罪和抑郁症状的影响就越小。
