Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Neuroimage. 2021 May 1;231:117834. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117834. Epub 2021 Feb 4.
Depression has been associated with decreased regional grey matter volume, which might partly be explained by an unhealthier lifestyle in depressed individuals which has been ignored by most earlier studies. Also, the longitudinal nature of depression, lifestyle and brain structure associations is largely unknown. This study investigates the relationship of depression and lifestyle with brain structure cross-sectionally and longitudinally over up to 9 years.
We used longitudinal structural MRI data of persons with depression and/or anxiety disorders and controls (N = 347, N = 609). Cortical thickness of medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) and hippocampal volume were derived using FreeSurfer. Using Generalized Estimating Equations, we investigated associations of depression and lifestyle (Body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and sleep duration) with brain structure and change in brain structure over 2 (n = 179) and 9 years (n = 82).
Depression status (B = -.053, p = .002) and severity (B = -.002, p = .002) were negatively associated with rACC thickness. mOFC thickness was negatively associated with BMI (B = -.004, p < .001) and positively with moderate alcohol consumption (B = .030, p = .009). All associations were independent of each other. No associations were observed between (change in) depression, disease burden or lifestyle factors with brain change over time.
Depressive symptoms and diagnosis were independently associated with thinner rACC, BMI with thinner mOFC, and moderate alcohol consumption with thicker mOFC. No longitudinal associations were observed, suggesting that regional grey matter alterations are a long-term consequence or vulnerability indicator for depression but not dynamically or progressively related to depression course trajectory.
抑郁与区域性灰质体积减少有关，而大多数早期研究忽略了抑郁个体中不健康的生活方式可能是造成这种情况的部分原因。此外，抑郁、生活方式和大脑结构之间的纵向关系在很大程度上尚不清楚。本研究旨在在长达 9 年的时间内，从横断和纵向两个方面调查抑郁和生活方式与大脑结构的关系。
我们使用了患有抑郁和/或焦虑障碍患者及对照者的纵向结构 MRI 数据（N=347，N=609）。使用 FreeSurfer 得出内侧眶额皮质（mOFC）、额前扣带皮质（rACC）和海马体积的皮质厚度。使用广义估计方程，我们调查了抑郁和生活方式（体重指数（BMI）、吸烟、饮酒、身体活动和睡眠时间）与大脑结构的关系，以及大脑结构在 2 年（n=179）和 9 年（n=82）内的变化。
抑郁状态（B=-0.053，p=0.002）和严重程度（B=-0.002，p=0.002）与 rACC 厚度呈负相关。mOFC 厚度与 BMI 呈负相关（B=-0.004，p<0.001），与适度饮酒呈正相关（B=0.030，p=0.009）。所有关联彼此独立。在抑郁、疾病负担或生活方式因素与大脑随时间变化之间未观察到任何关联。
抑郁症状和诊断与 rACC 变薄独立相关，BMI 与 mOFC 变薄相关，适度饮酒与 mOFC 变厚相关。未观察到纵向关联，这表明区域性灰质改变是抑郁的长期后果或易感性指标，而不是与抑郁病程轨迹动态或渐进相关。
