Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
Conscious Cogn. 2021 Mar;89:103086. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103086. Epub 2021 Feb 5.
Individuals are often confronted with events that violate their expectations, but disconfirming evidence does not always lead to expectation change. We review seven theoretical models on how individuals cope with disconfirming expectations: associative learning theories, the ViolEx Model, the model of coping with expectation disconfirmation (Roese & Sherman, 2007), the Meaning Maintenance Model, the Predictive Processing Framework, Expectancy Violations Theory, and the Expectation-Disconfirmation Model of consumer satisfaction. We focus on the proposed processes that relate to persistence or change of expectations. We discuss similarities and differences between the models. Three core coping processes are identified across most of these models - minimization of the importance of expectation-disconfirming evidence, search for/production of future expectation-confirming evidence, and expectation change. Suggestions for refinements and extensions of the models as well as for future empirical work on model testing are drawn.
人们经常会遇到违背自己预期的事件，但否定的证据并不总是导致期望的改变。我们回顾了七种关于个体如何应对否定预期的理论模型：联想学习理论、ViolEx 模型、应对预期否定模型（Roese 和 Sherman，2007）、意义维护模型、预测处理框架、期望违背理论和消费者满意度的期望-否定模型。我们关注的是与期望的坚持或改变有关的提议过程。我们讨论了这些模型之间的相似点和不同点。在这些模型中，有三个核心的应对过程是普遍存在的——最小化否定预期证据的重要性、寻找/产生未来的预期确认证据、以及期望的改变。针对模型的细化和扩展以及模型测试的未来实证工作提出了建议。
