Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Nursing Department, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran.
Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2021 Oct 28;21(16):2142-2162. doi: 10.2174/1871520621666210201101245.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) firstly emerged in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. After going through the experimental process, the virus was named the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by the World Health Organization (WHO) in February 2020 which has created a global pandemic. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is challenging the people who are especially suffering from chronic health problems such as asthma, diabetes, and heart disease or immune system deteriorating disorders, including cancers, Alzheimer's, etc. Other predisposing/risk factors consist of smoking and age (elderly people are at higher risk). The 2019-nCoV attacks epithelial cells in all organs, particularly epithelial cells in the lungs, resulting in viral pneumonia. The 2019-nCoV starts its invasion with the attachment and entry into the respiratory tract epithelial cells via Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on the epithelial cells. The critical problem with 2019-nCoV is its ability in human to human asymptomatic transmission which causes the rapid and hidden spread of the virus among the population. Also, there are several reports of highly variable and tightly case-dependent clinical manifestations caused by SARS-CoV2, which made the virus more enigmatic. The clinical symptoms are varied from common manifestations which occurred in flu and cold, such as cough, fever, body-ache, trembling, and runny nose to severe conditions, like the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) or even uncommon/unusual symptoms such as anosmia, skin color change, and stroke. In fact, besides serious injuries in the respiratory system, COVID-19 invades and damages various organs, including the kidney, liver, gastrointestinal, and nervous system. Accordingly, to cut the transmission chain of disease and control the infection spread. One of the major solutions seems to be early detection of the carriers, particularly the asymptomatic people, with sensitive and accurate diagnostic techniques. Moreover, developing novel and appropriate therapeutic approaches will contribute to the suitable management of the pandemic. Therefore, there is an urgent necessity to make comprehensive investigations and study reviews about COVID-19, offering the latest findings of novel therapies, drugs, epidemiology, and routes of virus transmission and pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss new therapeutic outcomes and cover and the most significant aspects of COVID-19, including the epidemiology, biological features, organs failure, and diagnostic techniques.
严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2)于 2019 年末首次在中国武汉出现。经过实验过程,世界卫生组织(WHO)于 2020 年 2 月将该病毒命名为新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV),从而引发了全球大流行。2019 年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)感染对患有哮喘、糖尿病和心脏病等慢性健康问题或免疫系统恶化疾病(包括癌症、阿尔茨海默病等)的人构成挑战。其他易患/风险因素包括吸烟和年龄(老年人风险较高)。2019-nCoV 攻击所有器官的上皮细胞,特别是肺部的上皮细胞,导致病毒性肺炎。2019-nCoV 通过上皮细胞上的血管紧张素转换酶 2(ACE2)受体附着并进入呼吸道上皮细胞开始入侵。2019-nCoV 对人类无症状传播的能力导致病毒在人群中的快速和隐性传播,这是一个关键问题。此外,有几项报告称,SARS-CoV2 引起的临床表现差异很大且与病例密切相关,这使得该病毒更加神秘。临床症状从流感和感冒常见的表现,如咳嗽、发热、身体疼痛、颤抖和流鼻涕,到严重的情况,如急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS),甚至是不常见/不寻常的症状,如嗅觉丧失、皮肤变色和中风。事实上,除了呼吸系统的严重损伤外,COVID-19 还侵犯和损害包括肾脏、肝脏、胃肠道和神经系统在内的各种器官。因此,为了切断疾病的传播链并控制感染的传播,一个主要的解决方案似乎是使用敏感和准确的诊断技术来早期检测携带者,特别是无症状者。此外,开发新的和适当的治疗方法将有助于对大流行的适当管理。因此,迫切需要对 COVID-19 进行全面调查和研究综述,提供新型治疗方法、药物、流行病学以及病毒传播和发病机制的最新发现。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了新的治疗结果,并涵盖了 COVID-19 的最重要方面,包括流行病学、生物学特征、器官衰竭和诊断技术。