Acrylamide Induces Mitophagy and Alters Macrophage Phenotype via Reactive Oxygen Species Generation.

Acrylamide is a readily exposed toxic organic compound due to its formation in many carbohydrate rich foods that are cooked at high temperatures. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is an important factor for mitophagy, has been reported to lead to airway inflammation, hyper-responsiveness, and remodeling. Epigenetic regulation is an important modification affecting gene transcription. In this study, the effects of acrylamide on ROS productions and mitophagy were investigated. The human monocytic cell line THP-1 was treated with acrylamide, and ROS productions were investigated by flow cytometry. The mitochondrial and epigenetic involvement was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Histone modifications were examined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Mitophagy was detected by Western blotting and confocal laser microscopy. Acrylamide promoted mitochondria-specific ROS generation in macrophages. The gene expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II was increased under acrylamide treatment. Acrylamide induced histone H3K4 and H3K36 tri-methylation in an promoter and increased mitophagy-related PINK1 expression, which promoted a M2-like phenotypic switch with increase TGF-β and CCL2 levels in THP-1 cells. In conclusion, acrylamide induced ROS production through histone tri-methylation in an promoter and further increased the expression of mitophagy-related PINK-1, which was associated with a macrophage M2 polarization shift.