Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 5095, Walmer, Port Elizabeth 6065, South Africa.
Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan 29;18(3):1198. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18031198.
, known as the false codling moth, is a pest of citrus and other crops in sub-Saharan Africa. As it is endemic to this region and as South Africa exports most of its citrus around the world, has phytosanitary status for most markets. This means that there is zero tolerance for any infestation with live larvae in the market. Consequently, control measures prior to exporting must be exemplary. Certain markets require a standalone postharvest disinfestation treatment for . However, the European Union accepts a systems approach, consisting of three measures and numerous components within these measures. Although effective preharvest control measures are important under all circumstances, they are most critical where a standalone postharvest disinfestation treatment is not applied, such as within a systems approach. Conventional wisdom may lead a belief that effective chemical control tools are imperative to achieve this end. However, we demonstrate that it is possible to effectively control to a level acceptable for a phytosanitary market, using only biological control tools. This includes parasitoids, predators, microbial control, semiochemicals, and sterile insects. Simultaneously, on-farm and environmental safety is improved and compliance with the increasing stringency of chemical residue requirements imposed by markets is achieved.
地中海实蝇，又称桔小实蝇，是撒哈拉以南非洲地区柑橘和其他作物的害虫。由于它在该地区流行，并且南非将其大部分柑橘出口到世界各地，因此对大多数市场具有植物检疫地位。这意味着在市场上，对活幼虫的任何侵害都零容忍。因此，在出口前必须采取卓越的控制措施。某些市场要求对 进行单独的产后消毒处理。然而，欧盟接受一种系统方法，由三项措施和这些措施中的许多组成部分组成。尽管在所有情况下，有效的预收获控制措施都很重要，但在没有单独的产后消毒处理的情况下，例如在系统方法中，这些措施至关重要。传统观念可能认为，必须使用有效的化学控制工具才能实现这一目标。然而，我们证明，仅使用生物控制工具就可以有效地将 控制到可接受的植物检疫市场水平。这包括寄生蜂、捕食性昆虫、微生物控制、信息素和不育昆虫。同时，提高了农场和环境的安全性，并符合市场对化学残留要求日益严格的规定。
