Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université Catholique de l'Ouest, F-49000, Angers, France.
Ecotoxicology. 2021 Apr;30(3):421-430. doi: 10.1007/s10646-021-02355-z. Epub 2021 Feb 12.
Plastic particles have been described in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. An increasing number of studies have tried to evaluate the toxic impacts of microplastics (1-5000 µm) but also nanoplastics (<1 µm) in marine and freshwater organisms. However, the wide variety of plastic particles characteristics such as various sizes, shapes, functionalization or types of polymer, makes it difficult to evaluate their impact with regular ecotoxicity testing. In this context, cell culture, mainly used in human toxicology, could be a promising tool to evaluate micro- and nanoplastics toxicity with a wide diversity of conditions allowing to generate a large set of data. This review presents the current research on micro and nanoplastics using cell culture of marine and freshwater organisms, describes the limitations of cell culture tool and defines whether this tool can be considered as a relevant alternative strategy for ecotoxic evaluation of micro and nanoplastics especially for future regulatory needs. Articles using specifically cell culture tool from aquatic organisms such as fish or bivalves were identified. The majority evaluated the toxicity of polystyrene nanobeads on immune parameters, oxidative stress or DNA damage in fish cells. Although most of the papers characterized nanoplastic particles into the cell culture media, the relevance of testing conditions is not always clear. The development of cell culture can offer many opportunities for the evaluation of plastic particles' cellular impacts, but more research is needed to develop relevant culture models, on various aquatic organisms, and with consideration of abiotic parameters especially composition of cell culture media for nanoplastic evaluation.
塑料颗粒已在全球水生生态系统中被描述。越来越多的研究试图评估微塑料（1-5000µm）甚至纳米塑料（<1µm）对海洋和淡水生物的毒性影响。然而，由于塑料颗粒的特性具有多样性，例如各种尺寸、形状、功能化或聚合物类型，因此难以使用常规的生态毒性测试来评估它们的影响。在这种情况下，细胞培养主要用于人类毒理学，可能是评估微塑料和纳米塑料毒性的一种很有前途的工具，它可以在广泛的条件下使用，生成大量的数据。本综述介绍了使用海洋和淡水生物细胞培养来研究微塑料和纳米塑料的当前研究，描述了细胞培养工具的局限性，并确定该工具是否可以被视为微塑料和纳米塑料生态毒性评估的一种相关替代策略，特别是考虑到未来的监管需求。本文还确定了使用特定的水生生物（如鱼类或双壳类动物）细胞培养工具的文章。大多数文章评估了聚苯乙烯纳米珠对鱼类细胞的免疫参数、氧化应激或 DNA 损伤的毒性。尽管大多数论文将纳米塑料颗粒特征化到细胞培养介质中，但测试条件的相关性并不总是清楚。细胞培养的发展可以为评估塑料颗粒的细胞影响提供许多机会，但需要更多的研究来开发相关的培养模型，涉及各种水生生物，并考虑到非生物参数，特别是纳米塑料评估用细胞培养介质的组成。
