Hamidzadeh Moghadam Shiva, Alebrahim Mohammad Taghi, Tobeh Ahmad, Mohebodini Mehdi, Werck-Reichhart Danièle, MacGregor Dana R, Tseng Te Ming
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Front Plant Sci. 2021 Jan 29;12:593037. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.593037. eCollection 2021.
L. and L. are noxious weeds that have a cosmopolitan distribution. These species successfully invade and are adapted to a wide variety of diverse climates. In this paper, we evaluated the morphology and biochemistry of 16 populations of L. and 17 populations of L. Seeds from populations collected from Spain, France, and Iran were grown together at the experimental field of the agriculture research of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and a suite of morphological traits and biochemical traits were assessed. Among the populations of L. and of L. were observed significant differences for all the measured traits. The number of branches (BN) for L. (12.22) and inflorescence length (FL; 14.34) for L. were the two characteristics that exhibited the maximum coefficient of variation. Principal component analysis of these data identified four principal components for each species that explained 83.54 ( L.) and 88.98 ( L.) of the total variation. A dendrogram based on unweighted neighbor-joining method clustered all the L. and L. into two main clusters and four sub-clusters. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate relationships between climate classification of origin and traits. Similarly, the measured characteristics did not group along Köppen climate classification. Both analyses support the conclusion that L. and L. exhibit high levels of diversity despite similar environmental histories. Both species also exhibit a high diversity of the measured biochemical compounds indicating that they exhibit different metabolic profiles even when grown concurrently and sympatrically. Several of the biochemical constituents identified in our study could serve as effective indices for indirect selection of stresses resistance/tolerance of L. and L. The diversity of the morphological and biochemical traits observed among these populations illustrates how the unique selection pressures faced by each population can alter the biology of these plants. This understanding provides new insights to how these invasive plant species successfully colonize diverse ecosystems and suggests methods for their management under novel and changing environmental conditions.
L. 和L. 是具有全球分布的有害杂草。这些物种成功入侵并适应了各种各样的不同气候。在本文中，我们评估了16个L. 种群和17个L. 种群的形态学和生物化学特征。从西班牙、法国和伊朗收集的种群种子在莫哈格赫·阿尔达比勒大学农业研究实验田共同种植，并评估了一系列形态学特征和生物化学特征。在L. 种群和L. 种群中，所有测量特征均观察到显著差异。L. 的分枝数（BN为12.22）和L. 的花序长度（FL为14.34）是表现出最大变异系数的两个特征。对这些数据进行主成分分析，为每个物种确定了四个主成分，分别解释了总变异的83.54%（L.）和88.98%（L.）。基于非加权邻接法的树状图将所有L. 和L. 聚为两个主要聚类和四个子聚类。典型相关分析（CCA）用于评估起源地气候分类与特征之间的关系。同样，测量的特征并没有按照柯本气候分类进行分组。这两种分析都支持这样的结论：尽管环境历史相似，但L. 和L. 表现出高度的多样性。这两个物种在测量的生化化合物方面也表现出高度多样性，表明即使在同时同域生长时它们也表现出不同的代谢特征。我们研究中鉴定出的几种生化成分可作为间接选择L. 和L. 抗逆性/耐受性的有效指标。在这些种群中观察到的形态学和生物化学特征的多样性说明了每个种群面临的独特选择压力如何改变这些植物的生物学特性。这种认识为这些入侵植物物种如何成功定殖于不同生态系统提供了新的见解，并提出了在新的和不断变化的环境条件下对其进行管理的方法。
