Temporal and spatial variations of surface water quality in the Nile River of Damietta Region, Egypt.

Temporal/spatial variations of surface water quality were examined for the Nile River in the Damietta region where it serves as the major source of water for the inhabitants of Damietta Governorate. A total of 32 water quality parameters were monitored at six sampling sites for 12 months from February 2016 to January 2017. Higher values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), heavy metals, and nutrients were observed upstream. About ~ 70% of the total variance in observations was explained by five main influences using factor analysis. The first factor (24.6% of the variance) was indicative of the mixed sources of natural and anthropogenic inputs. The second (nutritional) and the third (organic) factors were mainly controlled by the discharges from agricultural and domestic sources, respectively. Human activities and natural processes controlled the fourth and fifth factors. Only 11 parameters (K, temperature, COD, HPC, total hardness, DO, NO, Na, TDS, Cl, and EC) were necessary for distinguishing temporal variations according to Discriminant analysis (DA). Seven parameters (BOD, PO, SiO, Al, Turbidity, Fe, and Chlorophyll-a) were the most important variables responsible for spatial variations. Using the results we developed a water quality index (WQI) using only those parameters identified as important. All water quality parameters were below the permissible limits except for turbidity according to the World Health Organization standards, BOD and COD according to the Egyptian regulations. The calculated WQI values ranged between 12.73 and 33.73. According to these values, the Nile River Damietta branch represents a good to an excellent source of drinking water for entering secondary treatment.