School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
Adv Mater. 2021 Apr;33(13):e2005363. doi: 10.1002/adma.202005363. Epub 2021 Feb 16.
Intracellular delivery is considered an indispensable process for various studies, ranging from medical applications (cell-based therapy) to fundamental (genome-editing) and industrial (biomanufacture) approaches. Conventional macroscale delivery systems critically suffer from such issues as low cell viability, cytotoxicity, and inconsistent material delivery, which have opened up an interest in the development of more efficient intracellular delivery systems. In line with the advances in microfluidics and nanotechnology, intracellular delivery based on micro- and nanoengineered platforms has progressed rapidly and held great promises owing to their unique features. These approaches have been advanced to introduce a smorgasbord of diverse cargoes into various cell types with the maximum efficiency and the highest precision. This review differentiates macro-, micro-, and nanoengineered approaches for intracellular delivery. The macroengineered delivery platforms are first summarized and then each method is categorized based on whether it employs a carrier- or membrane-disruption-mediated mechanism to load cargoes inside the cells. Second, particular emphasis is placed on the micro- and nanoengineered advances in the delivery of biomolecules inside the cells. Furthermore, the applications and challenges of the established and emerging delivery approaches are summarized. The topic is concluded by evaluating the future perspective of intracellular delivery toward the micro- and nanoengineered approaches.
细胞内递送被认为是各种研究的不可或缺的过程，从医学应用（基于细胞的治疗）到基础研究（基因组编辑）和工业应用（生物制造）。传统的宏观尺度递送系统严重存在诸如细胞活力低、细胞毒性和不一致的材料递送等问题，这引发了人们对开发更有效的细胞内递送系统的兴趣。顺应微流控和纳米技术的进步，基于微纳工程平台的细胞内递送技术得到了快速发展，并因其独特的特性而具有广阔的应用前景。这些方法已经得到了改进，可以以最高的效率和最高的精度将各种不同的货物引入各种细胞类型。本综述区分了用于细胞内递送的宏观、微观和纳观工程方法。首先总结了宏观工程化的递送平台，然后根据它们是否采用载体或膜破坏介导的机制来将货物装载到细胞内，对每种方法进行了分类。其次，特别强调了细胞内生物分子递送的微纳工程进展。此外，还总结了已建立和新兴的递送方法的应用和挑战。最后通过评估微观和纳观工程化方法在细胞内递送上的未来展望来结束这一主题。
