Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
Stem Cell Res. 2021 Apr;52:102239. doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102239. Epub 2021 Feb 11.
Currently, the world is facing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, coronavirus of acute respiratory distress syndrome 2, causes of COVID-19. Coronaviruses are RNA single-stranded viruses that have an envelope. In addition, coronaviruses are classified into four subfamilies: alpha, beta, gamma and delta coronaviruses. The first of them, cause mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic infections, while beta-coronaviruses are responsible for severe diseases. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the group of beta-coronaviruses. Current available therapies use corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, non-specific antiviral drugs or antibiotics in the treatment of secondary bacterial infections. In addition, therapies based on the use of hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, remdesvir, ribavirin, interferon or lopinavir-ritonavir were also initially used. Mesenchemical stem cells (MSCs) are widely used in cell therapies, which include both basic research and clinical trials. Their exceptional effectiveness and safety have been confirmed and documented in many clinical studies, which include a number of inflammatory diseases involving the immune system - one of them is systemic lupus erythematosus. Available data indicate the ability to differentiate MSCs and their immunomodulatory effects. In addition, through interactions with immune cells, which include, but are not limited to, macrophages and dendritic cells, or paracrine secretion, MSCs are able to secrete a number of types of cytokines. MSCs are also characterized by tissue regeneration and regulation of inflammation. Due to their properties, researchers turned to determine whether MSC transplantation is able to improve the outcome of patients with COVID-19 viral pneumonia. The presented review provides not only new knowledge in the field of molecular mechanisms of pro-regenerative action of stem cells, but also have the potential to open up new prospects of action to improve lung tissue regeneration in COVID-19 patients. In addition, in review mentioned about clinical trials using MSCs with a complete status, as well as the latest discoveries in molecular biology, a platform model of pluripotent stem cells in the SARS-CoV-2 study on 3D animal models and nanoconjugates based on stem cells.
目前，世界正面临着 SARS-CoV-2 大流行，即急性呼吸窘迫综合征冠状病毒 2，COVID-19 的病因。冠状病毒是带有包膜的单链 RNA 病毒。此外，冠状病毒分为四个亚科：α、β、γ和δ冠状病毒。其中第一种引起轻度症状或无症状感染，而β冠状病毒则导致严重疾病。SARS-CoV-2 属于β冠状病毒组。目前可用的治疗方法使用皮质类固醇来减轻炎症、非特异性抗病毒药物或抗生素来治疗继发细菌感染。此外，还初步使用了基于使用羟氯喹、氯喹、瑞德西韦、利巴韦林、干扰素或洛匹那韦-利托那韦的治疗方法。间充质干细胞（MSCs）广泛用于细胞治疗，包括基础研究和临床试验。在许多临床试验中已经证实和记录了它们的卓越功效和安全性，其中包括一些涉及免疫系统的炎症性疾病-其中之一是系统性红斑狼疮。现有数据表明 MSCs 具有分化能力和免疫调节作用。此外，通过与免疫细胞相互作用，包括但不限于巨噬细胞和树突状细胞，或旁分泌分泌，MSCs 能够分泌多种类型的细胞因子。MSCs 还具有组织再生和调节炎症的特性。由于这些特性，研究人员开始确定 MSC 移植是否能够改善 COVID-19 病毒性肺炎患者的预后。本综述不仅提供了干细胞促再生作用的分子机制领域的新知识，而且有可能开辟改善 COVID-19 患者肺组织再生的新行动前景。此外，在综述中提到了使用 MSC 进行的临床试验的现状，以及分子生物学的最新发现，即 SARS-CoV-2 在 3D 动物模型上的多能干细胞平台模型和基于干细胞的纳米缀合物。
