Falup-Pecurariu Cristian, Diaconu Ștefania, Țînț Diana, Falup-Pecurariu Oana
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brașov, Romania.
Department of Neurology, County Emergency Clinic Hospital, 500365 Brașov, Romania.
Exp Ther Med. 2021 Mar;21(3):272. doi: 10.3892/etm.2021.9703. Epub 2021 Jan 25.
Sleep is a physiological global state composed of two different phases: Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The control mechanisms of sleep manifest at the level of genetic, biological and cellular organization. Several brain areas, including the basal forebrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus, take part in regulating the activity of this status of life. The signals between different brain regions and those from cortical areas to periphery are conducted through various neuromediators, which are known to either promote wakefulness or sleep. Among others, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, hypocretin (orexin), acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid are known to orchestrate the intrinsic mechanisms of sleep neurobiology. Several models that explain the transition and the continuity between wakefulness, NREM sleep and REM sleep have been proposed. All of these models include neurotransmitters as ligands in a complex reciprocal connectivity across the key-centers taking part in the regulation of sleep. Moreover, various environmental cues are integrated by a central pacemaker-located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus-which is able to connect with cortical regions and with peripheral tissues in order to promote the sleep-wake pattern.
睡眠是一种生理整体状态，由两个不同阶段组成：非快速眼动（NREM）睡眠和快速眼动（REM）睡眠。睡眠的控制机制在基因、生物学和细胞组织层面得以体现。包括基底前脑、丘脑和下丘脑在内的几个脑区参与调节这种生命状态的活动。不同脑区之间以及从皮质区域到外周的信号通过各种神经介质进行传导，已知这些神经介质要么促进觉醒，要么促进睡眠。其中，血清素、去甲肾上腺素、组胺、下丘脑分泌素（食欲素）、乙酰胆碱、多巴胺、谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸已知可协调睡眠神经生物学的内在机制。已经提出了几种解释觉醒、NREM睡眠和REM睡眠之间转换及连续性的模型。所有这些模型都将神经递质作为参与睡眠调节的关键中枢之间复杂相互连接中的配体。此外，各种环境线索由位于视交叉上核的中央起搏器整合，该起搏器能够与皮质区域和外周组织连接，以促进睡眠-觉醒模式。
