Animal Physiology Unit, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
Animal Physiology Unit, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
J Neurosci. 2021 May 5;41(18):4060-4072. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0739-20.2021. Epub 2021 Feb 19.
The planning and execution of head-beak movements are vital components of bird behavior. They require integration of sensory input and internal processes with goal-directed motor output. Despite its relevance, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying action planning and execution outside of the song system are largely unknown. We recorded single-neuron activity from the associative endbrain area nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) of two male carrion crows () trained to plan and execute head-beak movements in a spatial delayed response task. The crows were instructed to plan an impending movement toward one of eight possible targets on the left or right side of a touchscreen. In a fraction of trials, the crows were prompted to plan a movement toward a self-chosen target. NCL neurons signaled the impending motion direction in instructed trials. Tuned neuronal activity during motor planning categorically represented the target side, but also specific target locations. As a marker of intentional movement preparation, neuronal activity reliably predicted both target side and specific target location when the crows were free to select a target. In addition, NCL neurons were tuned to specific target locations during movement execution. A subset of neurons was tuned during both planning and execution period; these neurons experienced a sharpening of spatial tuning with the transition from planning to execution. These results show that the avian NCL not only represents high-level sensory and cognitive task components, but also transforms behaviorally-relevant information into dynamic action plans and motor execution during the volitional perception-action cycle of birds. Corvid songbirds have become exciting new models for understanding complex cognitive behavior. As a key neural underpinning, the endbrain area nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) represents sensory and memory-related task components. How such representations are converted into goal-directed motor output remained unknown. In crows, we report that NCL neurons are involved in the planning and execution of goal-directed movements. NCL neurons prospectively signaled motion directions in instructed trials, but also when the crows were free to choose a target. NCL neurons showed a target-specific sharpening of tuning with the transition from the planning to the execution period. Thus, the avian NCL not only represents high-level sensory and cognitive task components, but also transforms relevant information into action plans and motor execution.
头部运动的规划和执行是鸟类行为的重要组成部分。它们需要将感觉输入和内部过程与目标导向的运动输出相结合。尽管其相关性很大,但在歌声系统之外,行动规划和执行的神经生理机制在很大程度上仍是未知的。我们记录了两只雄性腐尸鸦()的关联后脑区尾侧下顶复合体(NCL)中的单个神经元的活动,这些乌鸦在空间延迟反应任务中接受了规划和执行头部运动的训练。乌鸦被指示规划即将向触摸屏左侧或右侧的八个可能目标之一的运动。在一小部分试验中,乌鸦被提示规划向自选目标的运动。在指令性试验中,NCL 神经元发出了即将到来的运动方向信号。在运动规划期间,调谐神经元活动明确表示目标侧,但也表示特定的目标位置。作为有意运动准备的标记物,当乌鸦自由选择目标时,神经元活动可靠地预测目标侧和特定目标位置。此外,NCL 神经元在运动执行期间也被调谐到特定的目标位置。一小部分神经元在规划和执行期间都被调谐;这些神经元在从规划到执行的过渡过程中经历了空间调谐的锐化。这些结果表明,禽类 NCL 不仅代表高级感觉和认知任务成分,而且在鸟类的自愿感知-行动循环中,将与行为相关的信息转化为动态的行动计划和运动执行。鸦科鸣禽已成为理解复杂认知行为的令人兴奋的新模型。作为关键的神经基础,后脑区尾侧下顶复合体(NCL)代表与感觉和记忆相关的任务成分。这些代表如何转化为目标导向的运动输出仍然未知。在乌鸦中,我们报告 NCL 神经元参与了目标导向运动的规划和执行。NCL 神经元在指令性试验中前瞻性地发出运动方向信号,但当乌鸦自由选择目标时也是如此。NCL 神经元在从规划到执行期的过渡过程中表现出目标特异性调谐的锐化。因此,禽类 NCL 不仅代表高级感觉和认知任务成分,而且还将相关信息转化为行动计划和运动执行。