Department of Psychology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
Pain Management Research Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Eur J Pain. 2021 Jul;25(6):1292-1302. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1751. Epub 2021 Apr 13.
The experience of pain is a complex interaction of somatic, behavioural, affective and cognitive components. Negative psychological states (e.g., anxiety, fear and depression) are intertwined with pain and contribute to poorer outcomes for individuals suffering from chronic and acute pain by exacerbating the overall experience of pain and leading to increased dysfunction, disability, and distress. A need exists for efficient assessment of aversive emotional states that are associated with pain.
A multistage developmental process included expert judges, two undergraduate samples, and a chronic pain patient sample. The 4-item Brief Assessment of Distress about Pain (BADP) scale was developed to assess anxiety, fear, and depression related to pain, as well as an overall evaluation of distress about pain.
Principal components analyses indicated that the BADP consisted of one factor. Inter-scale correlation coefficients revealed that the BADP was highly related to other measures that assess similar constructs, suggesting evidence for convergent validity. Intra-scale correlation coefficients indicated that the items of the BADP were only moderately associated with each other. Findings also supported evidence for discriminative validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency of the BADP.
The BADP has good psychometric properties as a measure of negative affectivity related to pain. The scale's single negative affectivity item may be useful for screening. The BADP helps address a gap in the literature with regard to a brief measure assessing fear, anxiety, depression, and negative affect in relation to pain. Demonstrated utility in a patient sample indicates the measure is suitable for further clinical study.
The BADP provides an efficient, psychometrically-supported means to assess affective distress (i.e., anxiety, fear, depression, and negative affect) associated with pain.
疼痛体验是躯体、行为、情感和认知成分复杂相互作用的结果。负面心理状态（如焦虑、恐惧和抑郁）与疼痛交织在一起，通过加剧整体疼痛体验，导致更多的功能障碍、残疾和痛苦，从而对患有慢性和急性疼痛的个体的结局产生负面影响。因此，需要有效地评估与疼痛相关的厌恶情绪状态。
采用多阶段发展过程，包括专家评委、两个本科生样本和一个慢性疼痛患者样本。四项目简短疼痛困扰评估（BADP）量表旨在评估与疼痛相关的焦虑、恐惧和抑郁，以及对疼痛困扰的总体评估。
主成分分析表明，BADP 由一个因素组成。量表间相关系数表明，BADP 与评估类似结构的其他量表高度相关，表明具有收敛效度的证据。量表内相关系数表明，BADP 的条目彼此之间只有中等程度的关联。研究结果还支持区分效度、重测信度和 BADP 的内部一致性的证据。
BADP 作为评估与疼痛相关的负性情感的测量工具具有良好的心理测量特性。该量表的单一负性情感项目可能有助于进行筛查。BADP 有助于解决文献中缺乏一种简短的量表来评估与疼痛相关的恐惧、焦虑、抑郁和负性情感的空白。在患者样本中的应用表明该测量工具适合进一步的临床研究。
BADP 提供了一种有效且具有心理测量学支持的方法来评估与疼痛相关的情感困扰（即焦虑、恐惧、抑郁和负性情感）。
