Yadav Virendra Kumar, Gnanamoorthy Govindhan, Cabral-Pinto Marina M S, Alam Javed, Ahamed Maqusood, Gupta Neha, Singh Bijendra, Choudhary Nisha, Inwati Gajendra Kumar, Yadav Krishna Kumar
School of Lifesciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India.
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Feb 24. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12989-5.
Coal fly ash (CFA) and coal-based incense sticks ash (ISA) have several similarities and differences due to the presence of coal as a common component in both of them. CFA are produced from the combustion of pulverized coal during electricity production in the thermal power plants while ISA are produced from the burning of incense sticks at religious places and at houses. A typical black colored Indian, incense sticks are mainly are comprised of coal powder or potassium nitrate, wood chip, fragrance, binder or binding agent, and bamboo sticks. The black colored incense sticks have coal powder or charcoal as a facilitator for smoother burning of incense sticks. The detailed investigation of CFA and ISA by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer (PSA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the morphological, chemical, and elemental properties. Both the coal based ashes comprises minerals like calcites, silicates, ferrous, alumina, and traces of Mg, Na, K, P, Ti, and numerous toxic heavy metals as confirmed by the XRF, ICP-AES, and EDS. While, microscopy revealed the presence of well-organized spherical shaped particles, namely cenospheres, plerospheres, and ferrospheres of size varying from 0.02 μm to 7 microns in CFA. Whereas, ISA particles are irregular, aggregated, calcium to carbon rich whose size varies from 60 nm to 9 microns and absence of well-organized spherical structures. The well developed and crystalline structure in CFA is due to the controlled combustion parameter in thermal power plants during the burning of coal while incense sticks (IS) burning is under uncontrolled manner. So, FTIR and XRD confirmed that the major portion of fly ash constitutes crystalline minerals whereas ISA have mainly amorphous phase minerals. CFA have ferrospheres of both rough and smooth surfaced, which was absent from the ISA and hence ferrous particles of CFA are of high magnetic strength. The detailed investigation of ashes will lead to the applications of ashes in new fields, which will minimize the solid waste pollution in the environment.
由于煤是煤飞灰（CFA）和煤基香灰（ISA）的共同成分，它们有一些相似之处和不同之处。CFA是在火力发电厂发电过程中煤粉燃烧产生的，而ISA是在宗教场所和家庭中香燃烧产生的。典型的黑色印度香主要由煤粉或硝酸钾、木屑、香料、粘合剂或粘结剂以及竹签组成。黑色香以煤粉或木炭作为助燃剂，使香燃烧得更顺畅。通过X射线荧光光谱法（XRF）、电子衍射光谱法（EDS）、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）、傅里叶变换红外光谱法（FTIR）、X射线衍射法（XRD）、粒度分析仪（PSA）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对CFA和ISA进行的详细研究揭示了它们的形态、化学和元素特性。XRF、ICP-AES和EDS证实，两种煤基灰都含有方解石、硅酸盐、铁、氧化铝等矿物质，以及微量的镁、钠、钾、磷、钛和许多有毒重金属。同时，显微镜观察显示，CFA中存在组织良好的球形颗粒，即大小从0.02μm到7微米不等的空心微珠、实心微珠和铁微珠。而ISA颗粒不规则、聚集，富含钙和碳，大小从60纳米到9微米不等，且没有组织良好的球形结构。CFA中发育良好的晶体结构是由于火力发电厂在燃煤过程中燃烧参数得到控制，而香燃烧是不受控制的。因此，FTIR和XRD证实，飞灰的主要部分由晶体矿物组成，而ISA主要含有非晶相矿物。CFA有表面粗糙和光滑的铁微珠，而ISA中没有，因此CFA的铁颗粒具有高磁强度。对灰的详细研究将导致灰在新领域的应用，这将最大限度地减少环境中的固体废物污染。
