Bastiaensen Michiel, Gys Celine, Colles Ann, Malarvannan Govindan, Verheyen Veerle, Koppen Gudrun, Govarts Eva, Bruckers Liesbeth, Morrens Bert, Franken Carmen, Den Hond Elly, Schoeters Greet, Covaci Adrian
Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.
Environ Pollut. 2021 May 1;276:116724. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116724. Epub 2021 Feb 11.
Restrictions on the use of legacy phthalate esters (PEs) as plasticizer chemicals in several consumer products has led to the increased use of alternative plasticizers (APs), such as di-(iso-nonyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP). In the fourth cycle of the Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS IV, 2016-2020), we monitored exposure to seven PEs (diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP, di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP))and three APs (DINCH, DEHTP, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA)) by measuring multiple biomarkers in urine of 416 adolescents from Flanders, Belgium (14-15 years old). The reference values show that exposure to PEs is still widespread, although levels of several PE metabolites (e.g., sum of DEHP metabolites, mono-normal-butyl phthalate (MnBP) and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP)) have decreased significantly compared to previous human biomonitoring cycles (2003-2018). On the other hand, metabolites of DINCH and DEHTP were detected in practically every participant. Concentrations of AP exposure biomarkers in urine were generally lower than PE metabolites, but calculations of estimated daily intakes (EDIs) showed that exposure to DINCH and DEHTP can be considerable. However, preliminary risk assessment showed that none of the EDI or urinary exposure levels of APs exceeded the available health-based guidance values, while a very low number of participants had levels of MiBP and MnBP exceeding the HBM value. Several significant determinants of exposure could be identified from multiple regression models: the presence of building materials containing PVC, ventilation habits, socio-economic status and season were all associated with PE and AP biomarker levels. Cumulatively, the results of FLEHS IV show that adolescents in Flanders, Belgium, are exposed to a wide range of plasticizer chemicals. Close monitoring over the last decade showed that the exposure levels of restricted PEs have decreased, while newer APs are now frequently detected in humans.
在多种消费品中，对传统邻苯二甲酸酯（PEs）作为增塑剂化学品的使用限制，导致了替代增塑剂（APs）使用的增加，如二（异壬基）环己烷 - 1,2 - 二羧酸酯（DINCH）和二（2 - 乙基己基）对苯二甲酸酯（DEHTP）。在佛兰德环境与健康研究的第四个周期（FLEHS IV，2016 - 2020）中，我们通过测量来自比利时佛兰德地区416名青少年（14 - 15岁）尿液中的多种生物标志物，监测了他们对七种PEs（邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2 - 乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DiBP）、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DnBP）、丁基苄基邻苯二甲酸酯（BBzP）、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯（DINP）和邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯（DIDP））以及三种APs（DINCH、DEHTP和己二酸二（2 - 乙基己基）酯（DEHA））的暴露情况。参考值表明，尽管与之前的人体生物监测周期（2003 - 2018）相比，几种PE代谢物（如DEHP代谢物总和、单正丁基邻苯二甲酸酯（MnBP）和单苄基邻苯二甲酸酯（MBzP））的水平显著下降，但PEs的暴露仍然广泛存在。另一方面，几乎在每个参与者中都检测到了DINCH和DEHTP的代谢物。尿液中AP暴露生物标志物的浓度通常低于PE代谢物，但估计每日摄入量（EDIs）的计算表明，对DINCH和DEHTP的暴露可能相当可观。然而，初步风险评估表明，APs的EDI或尿液暴露水平均未超过现有的基于健康的指导值，而只有极少数参与者的MiBP和MnBP水平超过了健康生物监测值。从多元回归模型中可以确定几个显著的暴露决定因素：含有PVC的建筑材料的存在、通风习惯、社会经济地位和季节都与PE和AP生物标志物水平相关。总体而言，FLEHS IV 的结果表明，比利时佛兰德地区的青少年接触到多种增塑剂化学品。过去十年的密切监测表明，受限PEs的暴露水平有所下降，而新型APs现在在人体中经常被检测到。
