Department of Health, Medicine and Care Sciences, Division of Nursing, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
Hemmesta Primary Child Health Care, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
Pain Manag Nurs. 2021 Aug;22(4):516-521. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2021.01.007. Epub 2021 Feb 25.
The self-care of type 1 diabetes (T1D) includes undergoing procedures with needles several times daily, which may cause pain and fear.
The aim was to identify the degree of perceived pain, affective reactions, fear, and emotional coping among children and adolescents with T1D.
A cross-sectional survey was performed.
Children and adolescents 7-18 years of age (n = 197) and their parents (n = 123) completed the Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS), the Facial Affective Scale (FAS), the Diabetes Fear of Injection Questionnaire (D-FISQ), and the Faces Emotional Coping Scale (FECS) in relation to needle procedures.
The higher the values of the CAS, FAS and D-FISQ scores, the lower values for coping were reported by children and adolescents regarding treatment with insulin pen or pump, blood glucose test, and venipuncture (p < .001). Patients reported strong negative affect regarding insulin injections (35%) and blood glucose tests (32%), as well as negative affect (48%, 69%) and substantial pain (27%, 50%) for inserting a pump needle and venipuncture, respectively. Parents reported significantly higher values than children on all scales and procedures except D-FISQ (blood glucose tests) and FECS (venipuncture).
Children and adolescents who perceive greater pain during needle-related procedures have poorer coping ability. Pediatric diabetes teams need to identify those in need of extra support to develop pain coping strategies.
1 型糖尿病（T1D）的自我护理包括每天多次进行针具治疗，这可能会引起疼痛和恐惧。
旨在确定 T1D 患儿和青少年对疼痛的感知程度、情感反应、恐惧和情绪应对。
横断面调查。
7-18 岁的儿童和青少年（n=197）及其父母（n=123）完成了彩色模拟量表（CAS）、面部情感量表（FAS）、糖尿病注射恐惧问卷（D-FISQ）和面部情感应对量表（FECS），以评估与针具治疗相关的程序。
CAS、FAS 和 D-FISQ 评分越高，儿童和青少年在使用胰岛素笔或泵、血糖检测和静脉穿刺时报告的应对能力越低（p<.001）。患者报告胰岛素注射（35%）和血糖检测（32%）有强烈的负面情绪，以及插入泵针（48%，69%）和静脉穿刺（27%，50%）有显著的疼痛。除了 D-FISQ（血糖检测）和 FECS（静脉穿刺）外，父母在所有量表和程序上的评分均显著高于儿童。
在与针具相关的治疗过程中感知到更强烈疼痛的儿童和青少年应对能力较差。儿科糖尿病团队需要确定需要额外支持的患者，以制定疼痛应对策略。
