Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Wageningen Food Safety Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands; Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 8130, 6700 EW Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Food Res Int. 2021 Mar;141:110110. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110110. Epub 2021 Jan 21.
Food safety monitoring is essential for hazard identification in food chain, but its application may be limited due to costly analytical methods and (inefficient) sampling procedures. The objective of this study was to design cost-effective monitoring schemes for food safety contaminants along the food production chain, given restricted monitoring budgets. As a case study, we focused on dioxins in the dairy supply chain with feed mills, dairy farms, dairy trucks and storage silos in dairy plants as possible control points. The cost-effectiveness of monitoring schemes was assessed using a model consisting of a simulation module and an optimization module. In the simulation module, the probability to collect at least one contaminated sample was computed for different sampling strategies (simple random sampling, stratified random sampling and systematic sampling) at each control point. The optimization module maximized the effectiveness of a monitoring scheme to identify the contaminated sample by determining the optimal sampling strategies, the optimal number of incremental samples collected, and the pooling rate (number of collected samples mixed into one aggregated sample) at each control point. The modelling approach was applied to two cases with different types of contamination. Results of these cases showed that, to identify the same contaminated sample, monitoring schemes with systematic sampling were more cost-effective at feed mills and dairy farms. The combination of simulation and optimization methods showed to be useful for developing cost-effective food safety monitoring schemes along the food supply chain.
食品安全监测对于识别食物链中的危害至关重要，但由于分析方法昂贵和（低效）采样程序，其应用可能受到限制。本研究的目的是设计具有成本效益的食品安全污染物监测方案，以适应有限的监测预算。作为案例研究，我们重点关注乳制品供应链中的二恶英，饲料厂、奶牛场、奶罐车和乳制品厂的储存筒仓都可能成为控制节点。监测方案的成本效益使用由模拟模块和优化模块组成的模型进行评估。在模拟模块中，针对每个控制节点的不同采样策略（简单随机采样、分层随机采样和系统采样）计算收集至少一个污染样品的概率。优化模块通过确定每个控制节点的最佳采样策略、最佳采集的增量样本数量和混合比例（收集的样本数量混合到一个汇总样本中的数量），来最大化识别污染样品的监测方案的有效性。该建模方法应用于两种不同类型污染的案例。这些案例的结果表明，为了识别相同的污染样品，系统采样监测方案在饲料厂和奶牛场更具成本效益。模拟和优化方法的结合对于开发沿食品供应链的具有成本效益的食品安全监测方案显示是有用的。
