Gomès Éric, Maillot Pascale, Duchêne Éric
EGFV, University of Bordeaux - Bordeaux Sciences-Agro - INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
SVQV, INRAE - University of Strasbourg, Colmar, France.
Front Plant Sci. 2021 Feb 10;12:633846. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.633846. eCollection 2021.
Adaptation of viticulture to climate change includes exploration of new geographical areas, new training systems, new management practices, or new varieties, both for rootstocks and scions. Molecular tools can be defined as molecular approaches used to study DNAs, RNAs, and proteins in all living organisms. We present here the current knowledge about molecular tools and their potential usefulness in three aspects of grapevine adaptation to the ongoing climate change. (i) Molecular tools for understanding grapevine response to environmental stresses. A fine description of the regulation of gene expression is a powerful tool to understand the physiological mechanisms set up by the grapevine to respond to abiotic stress such as high temperatures or drought. The current knowledge on gene expression is continuously evolving with increasing evidence of the role of alternative splicing, small RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, DNA methylation, or chromatin activity. (ii) Genetics and genomics of grapevine stress tolerance. The description of the grapevine genome is more and more precise. The genetic variations among genotypes are now revealed with new technologies with the sequencing of very long DNA molecules. High throughput technologies for DNA sequencing also allow now the genetic characterization at the same time of hundreds of genotypes for thousands of points in the genome, which provides unprecedented datasets for genotype-phenotype associations studies. We review the current knowledge on the genetic determinism of traits for the adaptation to climate change. We focus on quantitative trait loci and molecular markers available for developmental stages, tolerance to water stress/water use efficiency, sugar content, acidity, and secondary metabolism of the berries. (iii) Controlling the genome and its expression to allow breeding of better-adapted genotypes. High-density DNA genotyping can be used to select genotypes with specific interesting alleles but genomic selection is also a powerful method able to take into account the genetic information along the whole genome to predict a phenotype. Modern technologies are also able to generate mutations that are possibly interesting for generating new phenotypes but the most promising one is the direct editing of the genome at a precise location.
葡萄栽培适应气候变化包括探索新的地理区域、新的整枝方式、新的管理方法或新的品种，包括砧木和接穗品种。分子工具可定义为用于研究所有生物体中的DNA、RNA和蛋白质的分子方法。我们在此介绍有关分子工具的当前知识及其在葡萄适应当前气候变化的三个方面的潜在用途。（i）用于理解葡萄对环境胁迫反应的分子工具。对基因表达调控的精细描述是理解葡萄建立的应对非生物胁迫（如高温或干旱）的生理机制的有力工具。随着可变剪接、小RNA、长链非编码RNA、DNA甲基化或染色质活性作用的证据不断增加，目前关于基因表达的知识也在不断发展。（ii）葡萄抗逆性的遗传学和基因组学。对葡萄基因组的描述越来越精确。现在通过对非常长的DNA分子进行测序的新技术揭示了基因型之间的遗传变异。DNA测序的高通量技术现在还允许同时对数百个基因型在基因组中的数千个位点进行遗传特征分析，这为基因型-表型关联研究提供了前所未有的数据集。我们回顾了当前关于适应气候变化性状的遗传决定因素的知识。我们关注可用于发育阶段、对水分胁迫的耐受性/水分利用效率、糖分含量、酸度以及浆果次生代谢的数量性状位点和分子标记。（iii）控制基因组及其表达以培育适应性更强的基因型。高密度DNA基因分型可用于选择具有特定有趣等位基因的基因型，但基因组选择也是一种强大的方法，能够考虑整个基因组的遗传信息来预测表型。现代技术还能够产生可能对产生新表型有意义的突变，但最有前景的是在精确位置直接编辑基因组。
