Manning S K, Schreier H
Department of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, NY 10021.
Am J Psychol. 1988 Spring;101(1):97-109.
Two studies compared recency and suffix effects in pictures. In Experiment 1, which used strict serial recall, the recall curve for the control condition fell sharply until the final position when it exhibited a small but significant amount of recency. No suffix effects were present. In Experiment 2, a modified free recall condition exhibited a U-shaped serial position curve and significant recency. Picture and graphic suffixes led to small, reliable end-of-sequence suffix effects, but spoken suffixes did not. Thus pictures appear to lead to recency and suffix effects similar to those produced by static visual alphanumeric stimuli when strict serial recall is used. With a modified free recall procedure, recency is enhanced and suffix effects appear. The implications of the results with pictures and of differences between the two recall procedures are discussed with respect to literature in the area on pictures (Cohen, 1972) and American Sign Language (Krakow & Hanson, 1985; Shand & Klima, 1981). Additionally, some new methods of defining and analyzing recency, which are also applicable to primacy, are proposed and used in the paper to bring out more clearly the effects present.
两项研究比较了图片中的近因效应和后缀效应。在实验1中，采用严格的系列回忆，控制条件下的回忆曲线急剧下降，直到最后一个位置才呈现出少量但显著的近因效应。不存在后缀效应。在实验2中，改良的自由回忆条件呈现出U形系列位置曲线和显著的近因效应。图片和图形后缀导致了小的、可靠的序列末尾后缀效应，但语音后缀则没有。因此，当使用严格的系列回忆时，图片似乎会产生与静态视觉字母数字刺激类似的近因效应和后缀效应。采用改良的自由回忆程序时，近因效应增强，后缀效应出现。结合该领域关于图片的文献（科恩，1972年）以及美国手语的文献（克拉科夫和汉森，1985年；尚德和克利马，1981年），讨论了图片实验结果及两种回忆程序之间差异的意义。此外，本文还提出并使用了一些定义和分析近因效应的新方法，这些方法也适用于首因效应，以便更清楚地呈现出存在的效应。
