Manning S K, Koehler L, Hampton S
Department of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, NY 10021.
Mem Cognit. 1990 Mar;18(2):164-73. doi: 10.3758/bf03197091.
The primary linguistic theory of Shand and Klima (1981) hypothesizes that stimuli that cannot be directly processed without recoding are not in the primary linguistic mode of the subject and thus should lead to lesser recency and associated suffix effects. In three experiments, different normal hearing subjects learned to pair American Sign Language (ASL) stimuli, visual "quasivocables" (QVs), word-like letter strings, and auditory QVs with common English words. In the first experiment, the subjects were given sequences of ASL or QV stimuli and required to recall the associated words in strict serial order. In two other experiments involving auditory and visual presentation, respectively, subjects who had never been given paired associate training were required to recall the English words that had previously been associated with the ASL and QV stimuli, in a standard suffix paradigm. The results showed recency and suffix effects to be present only with auditorily presented QVs and words. Contrary to the predictions of the primary linguistic hypothesis, greater recency and larger suffix effects were present with the auditory QVs than with the auditory words, although the QVs were not primary linguistic and the task involved forced recoding. Previous results showing recency with ASL stimuli in normal subjects were not replicated. It is concluded that recency and suffix effects are not related either to the primary linguistic mode of the subject or to stimulus recoding, as we and Shand and Klima have defined them.
尚德和克利马（1981）的主要语言理论假设，那些不经过重新编码就无法直接处理的刺激，不属于主体的主要语言模式，因此应该会导致较弱的近因效应和相关的后缀效应。在三个实验中，不同的听力正常的受试者学习将美国手语（ASL）刺激、视觉“准语音”（QV）、类似单词的字母串以及听觉QV与常见的英语单词进行配对。在第一个实验中，给受试者呈现ASL或QV刺激序列，并要求他们严格按照顺序回忆相关单词。在另外两个分别涉及听觉和视觉呈现的实验中，要求从未接受过配对联想训练的受试者，在标准后缀范式中回忆之前与ASL和QV刺激相关联的英语单词。结果表明，只有在听觉呈现的QV和单词中才会出现近因效应和后缀效应。与主要语言假设的预测相反，尽管QV不是主要语言且任务涉及强制重新编码，但听觉QV的近因效应和后缀效应比听觉单词的更大。之前显示正常受试者对ASL刺激有近因效应的结果并未得到重复验证。得出的结论是，近因效应和后缀效应既与主体的主要语言模式无关，也与刺激重新编码无关，这是我们以及尚德和克利马所定义的。
