Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jul 1;776:145175. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145175. Epub 2021 Feb 10.
This study developed a framework termed as "mixNanohealthrisk" hereafter, for the first time as per literature review, to provide exposure limit or reference dose for co-occurring nanoparticles (NPs) in water for different regions of the world. The effect of interaction of NPs on (i) NP occurrence in environment and (ii) toxic effects were incorporated for estimating NP exposure dose and associated risks (in terms of risk quotient (RQ) and hazard index (HI). Reference dose (RfD) values for SiO, CeO, TiO, AlO, FeO, CNT, C, ZnO and CuO NPs were calculated for the first time in this study based on toxicity studies. RfD values for top three risk-posing nanoparticles when co-occurring together were found to be 0.1 mg/kg/d (CuO), 0.12 mg/kg/d (ZnO) and 0.19 mg/kg/d (TiO). Calculated maximum allowable concentration values for these nanoparticles were found to be 70.8, 84.4 and 136 mg/L for CuO, ZnO and TiO NPs. Exposures to nanoparticles aggregate (ZnO NP + CuO NP) in mixture suspension was found to have allowable ZnO and CuO concentration values of 24.7 mg/L and 175.2 mg/L respectively when present as aggregate. Top three regions identified with highest risk quotient were found to be USA followed by Switzerland and whole of Europe. During use of NP-interaction data for estimating risks, Ag, TiO and CuO NPs were found to have lowest maximum allowable concentration values. The identified top three risk-posing NPs can be used for conducting toxicity studies for mixture of NPs and long-term monitoring so that it can be used for setting up guideline concentration values for NPs in mixture for water environment.
本研究首次开发了一个名为“mixNanohealthrisk”的框架，旨在为世界不同地区的水中共存纳米颗粒（NPs）提供暴露限值或参考剂量。该框架纳入了 NPs 相互作用对（i）NPs 在环境中出现的影响，以及（ii）有毒效应的影响，以估算 NP 暴露剂量和相关风险（以风险商数 (RQ) 和危害指数 (HI) 表示）。本研究首次基于毒性研究计算了 SiO、CeO、TiO、AlO、FeO、CNT、C、ZnO 和 CuO NPs 的参考剂量 (RfD) 值。当三种风险最高的纳米颗粒共存时，发现它们的 RfD 值分别为 0.1 mg/kg/d（CuO）、0.12 mg/kg/d（ZnO）和 0.19 mg/kg/d（TiO）。计算出这些纳米颗粒的最大允许浓度值分别为 70.8、84.4 和 136 mg/L，用于 CuO、ZnO 和 TiO NPs。当混合悬浮液中存在 ZnO NP+CuO NP 纳米颗粒聚集时，暴露于纳米颗粒聚集物中的允许 ZnO 和 CuO 浓度值分别为 24.7 mg/L 和 175.2 mg/L。确定的风险商数最高的三个地区分别是美国、瑞士和整个欧洲。在使用 NP 相互作用数据估算风险时，Ag、TiO 和 CuO NPs 被发现具有最低的最大允许浓度值。确定的三种风险最高的纳米颗粒可用于进行纳米颗粒混合物的毒性研究和长期监测，以便为水环境中纳米颗粒混合物的指南浓度值的制定提供依据。
