School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, England, United Kingdom.
Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 34-36 Beaumont Street, Oxford, OX1 2PG, England, United Kingdom.
Int J Paleopathol. 2021 Jun;33:43-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.02.002. Epub 2021 Feb 27.
To provide a comparative baseline for future studies of oral pathology in domestic livestock and to better understand connections between lesion prevalence and biological context in past animal populations.
Over 1600 sheep and cattle mandibles recovered from archaeological sites in England between 500 and 1300 CE.
A comprehensive investigation of periodontal disease was conducted based on four characteristics: dental calculus; periosteal new bone formation; alveolar recession; and ante-mortem tooth loss. The anatomical position and severity of these lesions were quantified and correlated against the age of each individual.
Two types of periosteal new bone formation were recognized: one in the growing mandibles of young animals, the other in older animals and associated with disease. The incidence of calculus and alveolar recession increase with age. Correlations exist between calculus, alveolar recession and periosteal new bone formation. Disruption caused by the eruption of the P4 is also implied as a contributory factor to the onset of periodontal disease.
When interpreting periodontal disease in zooarchaeological collections it is vital to consider the effect of age as well as environmental and genetic factors.
This is the first comprehensive zooarchaeological study to investigate the effect of age on periodontal disease. It provides a better understanding of the frequency and presentation of periodontal disease as a baseline for future studies.
Cattle mandibles are under-represented due to poor survival. Ideally, radiographs of mandibles with ante-mortem tooth loss would be taken, but this was not possible.
The role of genetic factors, diet and environment needs to be better understood.
为今后家畜口腔病理学研究提供比较基线，更好地了解过去动物群体中病变发生率与生物学背景之间的联系。
1600 多副来自英国考古遗址的 500 至 1300 年间的绵羊和牛下颚骨。
根据牙周病的四个特征（牙石、骨膜新骨形成、牙槽退缩和生前牙齿脱落）进行了全面调查。对这些病变的解剖位置和严重程度进行了量化，并与每个个体的年龄进行了关联。
识别出两种类型的骨膜新骨形成：一种是在年轻动物的生长下颚骨中，另一种是在老年动物中，并与疾病有关。牙石和牙槽退缩的发生率随年龄增长而增加。牙石、牙槽退缩和骨膜新骨形成之间存在相关性。P4 萌出引起的破坏也被认为是牙周病发病的一个促成因素。
在动物考古学收藏中解释牙周病时，必须考虑年龄以及环境和遗传因素的影响。
这是第一项全面的动物考古学研究，调查了年龄对牙周病的影响。它为今后的研究提供了一个更好地了解牙周病的频率和表现的基线。
由于保存状况不佳，牛下颚骨的代表性不足。理想情况下，应该对具有生前牙齿脱落的下颚骨进行 X 光检查，但这是不可能的。
需要更好地了解遗传因素、饮食和环境的作用。
