Intraosseous infusions by prehospital personnel in critically ill pediatric patients.

A program to instruct ground and aeromedical prehospital emergency medical system providers in the intraosseous infusion technique was developed and implemented. Paramedics and flight nurses received training through lectures and performance of the procedure in several animal models. The records of attempts on 15 patients who subsequently received intraosseous infusions were then reviewed. An intraosseous infusion was successful in 12 of 15 attempts (80%), and all needles were placed in less than 30 seconds. Drugs administered included phenobarbitol, phenytoin, atropine, epinephrine, sodium bicarbonate, isoproterenol, and pancuronium. Observed complications were limited to minimal subcutaneous infiltration in three cases and slow infusion in another. No serious sequelae were noted, but most patients did not survive and the ability of this study to detect sequelae may be limited. These data suggest that intraosseous infusion is a safe and reliable technique in the prehospital setting. Research is needed to study this technique in more detail.