Institute of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland.
Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.
J Homosex. 2021 Apr 16;68(5):802-829. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2019.1661728. Epub 2019 Sep 6.
According to the precarious manhood perspective, masculinity threat triggers various compensatory mechanisms and heightens motivation to restore and reaffirm masculinity via typically masculine attitudes and behaviors. Four experiments aiming to examine the effect of masculinity threat on prejudices toward sexual and gender minorities were undertaken, controlling for adherence to sex role stereotypes. Our studies showed that Polish men representing university and high school students exposed to gender threat experienced increased negative affect (Experiment 1) and expressed higher prejudices toward gay people (Experiment 2) and transgender individuals (Experiments 3a and 3b). Furthermore, Experiment 2 revealed an effect of masculinity threat on modern prejudices predominantly toward gay people but not old-fashioned homonegativity. The results are discussed in terms of the role of masculinity threat as the mechanism responsible for gender differences in the attitudes toward sexual and gender minorities.
根据脆弱男子气概观点，男子气概受到威胁会触发各种补偿机制，并通过典型的男子气概态度和行为来增强恢复和重申男子气概的动机。进行了四项旨在检验男子气概威胁对性少数群体和性别少数群体偏见影响的实验，同时控制了对性别角色刻板印象的遵守。我们的研究表明，暴露于性别威胁的代表大学生和高中生的波兰男性经历了更多的负面情绪（实验 1），并对同性恋者（实验 2）和跨性别者（实验 3a 和 3b）表现出更高的偏见。此外，实验 2 揭示了男子气概威胁对现代偏见的影响，主要针对同性恋者，但不针对老式的同性恋厌恶。这些结果从男子气概威胁作为导致对性少数群体和性别少数群体态度存在性别差异的机制的角度进行了讨论。
