果蝇翅膀生长由形态发生素 Decapentaplegic 和 Wingless 控制的统一机制。
A unified mechanism for the control of Drosophila wing growth by the morphogens Decapentaplegic and Wingless.
机构信息
Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America.
The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America.
出版信息
PLoS Biol. 2021 Mar 3;19(3):e3001111. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001111. eCollection 2021 Mar.
Development of the Drosophila wing-a paradigm of organ development-is governed by 2 morphogens, Decapentaplegic (Dpp, a BMP) and Wingless (Wg, a Wnt). Both proteins are produced by defined subpopulations of cells and spread outwards, forming gradients that control gene expression and cell pattern as a function of concentration. They also control growth, but how is unknown. Most studies have focused on Dpp and yielded disparate models in which cells throughout the wing grow at similar rates in response to the grade or temporal change in Dpp concentration or to the different amounts of Dpp "equalized" by molecular or mechanical feedbacks. In contrast, a model for Wg posits that growth is governed by a progressive expansion in morphogen range, via a mechanism in which a minimum threshold of Wg sustains the growth of cells within the wing and recruits surrounding "pre-wing" cells to grow and enter the wing. This mechanism depends on the capacity of Wg to fuel the autoregulation of vestigial (vg)-the selector gene that specifies the wing state-both to sustain vg expression in wing cells and by a feed-forward (FF) circuit of Fat (Ft)/Dachsous (Ds) protocadherin signaling to induce vg expression in neighboring pre-wing cells. Here, we have subjected Dpp to the same experimental tests used to elucidate the Wg model and find that it behaves indistinguishably. Hence, we posit that both morphogens act together, via a common mechanism, to control wing growth as a function of morphogen range.
果蝇翅膀的发育——器官发育的典范——由两种形态发生素调控:Decapentaplegic(Dpp,一种 BMP)和 Wingless(Wg,一种 Wnt)。这两种蛋白由特定的细胞亚群产生并向外扩散,形成梯度,从而根据浓度控制基因表达和细胞模式。它们还控制生长,但具体机制尚不清楚。大多数研究都集中在 Dpp 上,得出了不同的模型,这些模型认为,整个翅膀中的细胞在响应 Dpp 浓度的梯度或时间变化,或通过分子或机械反馈“均等化”的不同数量的 Dpp 时,以相似的速度生长。相比之下,Wg 的一个模型假设生长受形态发生素范围的逐步扩展控制,其机制是,Wg 的最小阈值维持翅膀内细胞的生长,并招募周围的“前翅膀”细胞生长并进入翅膀。这个机制依赖于 Wg 为残翅(vg)的自调节提供燃料的能力——vg 是指定翅膀状态的选择基因——维持翅膀细胞中 vg 的表达,并通过 Fat(Ft)/Dachsous(Ds)原钙黏蛋白信号的前馈(FF)回路,诱导相邻前翅膀细胞中的 vg 表达。在这里,我们对 Dpp 进行了与阐明 Wg 模型相同的实验测试,发现它的行为没有区别。因此,我们假设两种形态发生素通过共同的机制一起作用,根据形态发生素范围来控制翅膀的生长。
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