Shvachko N А, Khlestkina E K
Federal Research Center the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), St. Petersburg, Russia.
Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii. 2020 Aug;24(5):451-458. doi: 10.18699/VJ20.47-o.
Conservation of plant genetic diversity, including economically important crops, is the foundation for food safety. About 90 % of the world's crop genetic diversity is stored as seeds in genebanks. During storage seeds suffer physiological stress consequences, one of which is the accumulation of free radicals, primarily reactive oxygen species (ROS). An increase in ROS leads to oxidative stress, which negatively affects the quality of seeds and can lead to a complete loss of their viability. The review summarizes data on biochemical processes that affect seed longevity. The data on the destructive effect of free radicals towards plant cell macromolecules are analyzed, and the ways to eliminate excessive ROS in plants, the most important of which is the glutathioneascorbate pathway, are discussed. The relationship between seed dormancy and seed longevity is examined. Studying seeds of different plant species revealed a negative correlation between seed dormancy and longevity, while various authors who researched Arabidopsis seeds reported both positive and negative correlations between dormancy and seed longevity. A negative correlation between seed dormancy and viability probably means that seeds are able to adapt to changing environmental conditions. This review provides a summary of Arabidopsis genes associated with seed viability. By now, a significant number of loci and genes affecting seed longevity have been identified. This review contains a synopsis of modern studies on the viability of barley seeds. QTLs associated with barley seed longevity were identified on chromosomes 2H, 5H and 7H. In the QTL regions studied, the Zeo1, Ale, nud, nadp-me, and HvGR genes were identified. However, there is still no definite answer as to which genes would serve as markers of seed viability in a certain plant species.
保护包括具有经济重要性的作物在内的植物遗传多样性是食品安全的基础。世界上约90%的作物遗传多样性以种子形式保存在基因库中。在储存过程中，种子会遭受生理胁迫后果，其中之一是自由基的积累，主要是活性氧（ROS）。ROS的增加会导致氧化应激，这对种子质量产生负面影响，并可能导致其活力完全丧失。本综述总结了影响种子寿命的生化过程的数据。分析了自由基对植物细胞大分子的破坏作用，并讨论了消除植物中过量ROS的方法，其中最重要的是谷胱甘肽 - 抗坏血酸途径。研究了种子休眠与种子寿命之间的关系。对不同植物物种种子的研究表明，种子休眠与寿命之间呈负相关，而研究拟南芥种子的不同作者报告了休眠与种子寿命之间的正相关和负相关。种子休眠与活力之间的负相关可能意味着种子能够适应不断变化的环境条件。本综述总结了与种子活力相关的拟南芥基因。到目前为止，已经鉴定出大量影响种子寿命的基因座和基因。本综述包含了关于大麦种子活力的现代研究概要。在2H、5H和7H染色体上鉴定出了与大麦种子寿命相关的QTL。在所研究的QTL区域中，鉴定出了Zeo1、Ale、nud、nadp - me和HvGR基因。然而，对于哪些基因将作为某一植物物种种子活力的标记物，仍然没有明确的答案。
