McIntyre Peter, Joo Ye Jin, Chiu Clayton, Flanagan Katie, Macartney Kristine
National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS).
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney.
Aust Prescr. 2021 Feb;44(1):19-25. doi: 10.18773/austprescr.2020.084. Epub 2020 Dec 17.
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, is a highly infectious human respiratory pathogen to which the global population had no prior immunity. The virus will likely continue to cause significant morbidity until there is a broadly effective vaccine As of mid-December 2020, more than 200 COVID-19 vaccine candidates are in development and 11 have entered phase III clinical trials globally. All generate immunity to the viral spike glycoprotein Three vaccine candidates have agreements for procurement and use in Australia if efficacy and safety requirements are met - one protein-based vaccine, one vaccine using a simian-derived adenovirus vector and one messenger RNA vaccine. The latter two vaccines have published interim analyses and efficacy results of their phase III trials. The messenger RNA vaccine is being rolled out in the UK, USA and Canada Significant uncertainties remain. How well will some of those at highest risk of severe disease (such as older people aged >75 years and those with immunocompromising conditions) be protected by a vaccine, and for how long? Also, to what extent will vaccination protect against infection? This will determine the degree of indirect 'herd' protection needed through broad vaccine coverage of younger age groups.
新型冠状病毒SARS-CoV-2是导致COVID-19大流行的病原体，它是一种具有高度传染性的人类呼吸道病原体，全球人口此前对其没有免疫力。在出现广泛有效的疫苗之前，该病毒可能会继续导致大量发病。截至2020年12月中旬，全球有200多种COVID-19疫苗候选产品正在研发中，其中11种已进入III期临床试验。所有这些候选疫苗都能产生针对病毒刺突糖蛋白的免疫力。如果满足疗效和安全性要求，有三种候选疫苗已达成在澳大利亚采购和使用的协议——一种基于蛋白质的疫苗、一种使用猿猴来源腺病毒载体的疫苗和一种信使核糖核酸疫苗。后两种疫苗已经公布了其III期试验的中期分析和疗效结果。信使核糖核酸疫苗正在英国、美国和加拿大推广。重大不确定性仍然存在。一些重症风险最高的人群（如75岁以上的老年人和免疫功能低下者）能在多大程度上得到疫苗保护，以及保护时长是多久？此外，接种疫苗能在多大程度上预防感染？这将决定通过广泛接种疫苗覆盖年轻人群体所需的间接“群体”保护程度。
