Hopper Lydia M, Allritz Matthias, Egelkamp Crystal L, Huskisson Sarah M, Jacobson Sarah L, Leinwand Jesse G, Ross Stephen R
Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, UK.
Animals (Basel). 2021 Feb 24;11(3):588. doi: 10.3390/ani11030588.
The Stroop effect describes interference in cognitive processing due to competing cognitive demands. Presenting emotionally laden stimuli creates similar Stroop-like effects that result from participants' attention being drawn to distractor stimuli. Here, we adapted the methods of a pictorial Stroop study for use with chimpanzees (N = 6), gorillas (N = 7), and Japanese macaques (N = 6). We tested all subjects via touchscreens following the same protocol. Ten of the 19 subjects passed pre-test training. Subjects who reached criterion were then tested on a standard color-interference Stroop test, which revealed differential accuracy in the primates' responses across conditions. Next, to test for an emotional Stroop effect, we presented subjects with photographs that were either positively valenced (a preferred food) or negatively valenced (snakes). In the emotional Stroop task, as predicted, the primates were less accurate in trials which presented emotionally laden stimuli as compared to control trials, but there were differences in the apes' and monkeys' response patterns. Furthermore, for both Stroop tests, while we found that subjects' accuracy rates were reduced by test stimuli, in contrast to previous research, we found no difference across trial types in the subjects' response latencies across conditions.
斯特鲁普效应描述了由于相互竞争的认知需求而导致的认知加工干扰。呈现带有情感色彩的刺激会产生类似斯特鲁普效应的现象，这是由于参与者的注意力被分散刺激所吸引。在这里，我们改编了一项用于黑猩猩（N = 6）、大猩猩（N = 7）和日本猕猴（N = 6）的图片斯特鲁普研究方法。我们按照相同的方案通过触摸屏对所有受试者进行测试。19名受试者中有10名通过了预测试训练。达到标准的受试者随后接受了标准的颜色干扰斯特鲁普测试，该测试揭示了灵长类动物在不同条件下反应的准确性差异。接下来，为了测试情绪斯特鲁普效应，我们向受试者展示了正性价（一种喜欢的食物）或负性价（蛇）的照片。在情绪斯特鲁普任务中，正如预期的那样，与对照试验相比，灵长类动物在呈现带有情感色彩刺激的试验中准确性较低，但猿类和猴类的反应模式存在差异。此外，对于这两种斯特鲁普测试，虽然我们发现测试刺激会降低受试者的准确率，但与之前的研究不同，我们发现在不同条件下受试者的反应潜伏期在不同试验类型之间没有差异。
