Department of Biological Sciences, 100 Malloy Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
Department of Economics, 3060 Jenkins Nanovic Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Feb 19;18(4):2012. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18042012.
Most hazardous-waste sites are located in urban areas populated by disproportionate numbers of children, minorities, and poor people who, as a result, face more severe pollution threats and environmental-health inequalities. Partly to address this harm, in 2017 the United Nations unanimously endorsed the New Urban Agenda, which includes redeveloping urban-infill-toxic-waste sites. However, no systematic, independent analyses assess the public-health adequacy of such hazardous-facility redevelopments. Our is to provide a preliminary data-quality assessment (PDQA) of urban-infill-toxic-site testing, conducted by private redevelopers, including whether it adequately addresses pollution threats. To this end, we used two qualitative, weight-of-evidence . Method 1 employs nine criteria to select assessments for PDQA and help control for confounders. To conduct PDQA, Method 2 uses three US Environmental Protection Agency standards-the temporal, geographical, and technological representativeness of sampling. Our Method 1 reveal four current toxic-site assessments (by CBRE/Trammell Crow, the world's largest commercial developer); at all of these sites the main risk drivers are solvents, volatile organic compounds, including trichloroethylene. Our Method 2 indicate that all four assessments violate most PDQA standards and systematically underestimate health risk. These results reveal environmental injustice, disproportionate health threats to children/minorities/poor people at all four sites. Although preliminary, our is that alleviating harm and environmental-health inequalities posed by urban-infill-toxic-site pollution may require improving both the testing/cleanup/redevelopment requirements of the New Urban Agenda and the regulatory oversight of assessment and remediation performed by private redevelopers.
大多数危险废物场所都位于城市地区，这些地区的儿童、少数族裔和贫困人口不成比例，因此面临更严重的污染威胁和环境健康不平等。为了解决部分问题，2017 年联合国一致通过了《新城市议程》，其中包括重新开发城市内填充式有毒废物场所。然而，没有系统的、独立的分析评估此类危险设施重新开发对公众健康的充分性。我们的目的是对私人开发商进行的城市内填充式有毒场地测试进行初步数据质量评估（PDQA），包括其是否充分应对污染威胁。为此，我们使用了两种定性的、基于证据权重的方法。方法 1 使用九个标准来选择 PDQA 评估，并帮助控制混杂因素。为了进行 PDQA，方法 2 使用了美国环境保护署的三个标准——采样的时间、地理和技术代表性。我们的方法 1 揭示了四项当前的有毒场地评估（由全球最大的商业开发商 CBRE/Trammell Crow 进行）；在所有这些场地中，主要的风险驱动因素是溶剂、挥发性有机化合物，包括三氯乙烯。我们的方法 2 表明，所有四项评估都违反了大多数 PDQA 标准，并系统地低估了健康风险。这些结果揭示了环境不公正，所有四个场地的儿童/少数族裔/贫困人口面临不成比例的健康威胁。尽管这只是初步的，但我们的结论是，缓解城市内填充式有毒场地污染造成的危害和环境健康不平等，可能需要改进《新城市议程》中关于测试/清理/重新开发的要求，以及私人开发商进行的评估和补救的监管监督。
