Vijay Deepthi, Bedi Jasbir Singh, Dhaka Pankaj, Singh Randhir, Singh Jaswinder, Arora Anil Kumar, Gill Jatinder Paul Singh
School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India.
Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2021 Feb 22;10(2):216. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10020216.
The indiscriminate usage of antimicrobials in the animal health sector contributes immensely to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The present study aims to assess the antimicrobial usage pattern and risk factors for AMR in animal husbandry sector of India. A cross-sectional survey about Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) among veterinarians was carried out using a questionnaire comprising of 52 parameters associated with antibiotic use and the emergence of AMR in dairy herds. Respondents' KAP scores were estimated to rank their level of knowledge, attitude, and practice. Furthermore, risk factors associated with treatment failure were analyzed by univariable and multivariable analyses. Out of a total of 466 respondents, the majority had average knowledge (69.5%), neutral attitude (93.2%), and moderate practice (51.3%) scores toward judicious antibiotic usage. Veterinarians reported mastitis (88.0%), reproductive disorders (76.6%), and hemoprotozoan infections (49.6%) as the top three disease conditions that require antibiotic usage. Most of the veterinarians (90.6%) resorted to their "own experience" as the main criteria for antibiotic choice. The use of the highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIA) listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in animals, particularly quinolones (76.8%) and third-generation cephalosporins (47.8%), has been reported. On multivariable regression analysis of the risk factors, the lack of cooperation of the dairy farmers in the completion of a prescribed antibiotic course by the veterinarian and the demand for antibiotic use even in conditions not requiring antibiotic use were found to be significantly associated with the outcome variable "treatment failure" having respective odds of 1.8 (95%CI: 1.1-3.0) and 3.6 (95%CI: 2.3-5.8) ( < 0.05). The average KAP score of veterinarians, poor farm management practices, lack of awareness among farmers on prudent antibiotic use, and lack of antibiotic stewardship are the significant factors that need attention to combat the rising AMR in veterinary sector in India.
动物健康领域对抗生素的滥用极大地促成了抗生素耐药性（AMR）。本研究旨在评估印度畜牧业中抗生素的使用模式以及抗生素耐药性的风险因素。通过一份包含52个与抗生素使用及奶牛场中抗生素耐药性出现相关参数的问卷，对兽医进行了关于知识、态度和行为（KAP）的横断面调查。估计受访者的KAP分数以对他们的知识、态度和行为水平进行排名。此外，通过单变量和多变量分析来分析与治疗失败相关的风险因素。在总共466名受访者中，大多数人对合理使用抗生素的知识水平一般（69.5%）、态度中立（93.2%）、行为适度（51.3%）。兽医报告乳腺炎（88.0%）、生殖系统疾病（76.6%）和血液原虫感染（49.6%）是需要使用抗生素的前三大疾病状况。大多数兽医（90.6%）将“自身经验”作为选择抗生素的主要标准。已报告在动物中使用了世界卫生组织（WHO）列出的最高优先级 critically important antimicrobials（HPCIA），特别是喹诺酮类（76.8%）和第三代头孢菌素（47.8%）。在对风险因素进行多变量回归分析时，发现奶农在完成兽医规定的抗生素疗程方面缺乏合作以及即使在不需要使用抗生素的情况下仍要求使用抗生素，与结果变量“治疗失败”显著相关，各自的比值比分别为1.8（95%CI：1.1 - 3.0）和3.6（95%CI：2.3 - 5.8）（P < 0.05）。兽医的平均KAP分数、不良的农场管理做法、农民对谨慎使用抗生素缺乏认识以及缺乏抗生素管理是应对印度兽医领域不断上升的抗生素耐药性需要关注的重要因素。
