Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Feb 22;18(4):2138. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18042138.
Physical fitness is an important component in the development of youth alpine ski racers. To write systematically planned and age-appropriate fitness programs athletes need to be physically tested at regular intervals at an early age. Although well-developed hamstring muscle strength is important for alpine ski racing performance and the prevention of serious knee injuries, it has not been well investigated, especially in youth athletes. Accordingly, the first aim of the present study was to assess the test-retest reliability of the maximum bilateral eccentric (MBEHS) and unilateral isometric (MUIHS) hamstring tests. The second aim of the present study was to assess whether the results of these two methods correlate and if it is possible to commit to one of the two methods to provide an economic test procedure. The first study included 26 (14 females/12 males) youth alpine ski racers aged between 12 and 13 years. All athletes performed two MBEHS and two MUIHS tests, 7 days apart. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 3,1) and their 95% confidence intervals based on a consistency two-way mixed model were used to estimate the reliability of the two different test modalities. The second study included 61 (27 females/34 males) youth alpine ski racers aged between 10 and 13 years. All athletes performed one MBEHS and one MUIHS test. Bland-Altman plots and the 95% limits of agreement as well as correlations by Pearson (r) between the different test modalities were assessed. In study 1 "poor" to "moderate" (MBEHS right leg 0.79 (0.58-0.90); left leg 0.83 (0.66-0.92); MUIHS right leg 0.78 (0.56-0.89); left leg 0.66 (0.37-0.83)) ICC values and 95% confident intervals were obtained. Standard error of measurement (SEM) between trails was between 18.3 and 25.1 N. Smallest detectable difference (SDD) was between 50.8 and 69.5 N. In study 2 mean differences between MBEHS and MUIHS was around 20 N with higher values for MBEHS. Significant moderate-to-strong correlations were found between the test modalities (r = 0.74-0.84, <0.001). The MBEHS test has higher ICC values, lower CV values, higher SEM values and lower SDD values than the MUIHS test. All this suggests that the MBEHS test is more suitable than the MUIHS test to determine the maximum hamstring force in young alpine ski racers.
身体适应能力是青少年高山滑雪运动员发展的一个重要组成部分。为了编写有系统计划和适合年龄的体能训练方案，运动员需要在很小的时候定期进行身体检查。虽然发达的腘绳肌力量对高山滑雪比赛表现和预防严重的膝关节损伤很重要，但它尚未得到充分研究，特别是在青少年运动员中。因此，本研究的第一个目的是评估最大双侧离心（MBEHS）和单侧等长（MUIHS）腘绳肌测试的测试-再测试可靠性。本研究的第二个目的是评估这两种方法的结果是否相关，以及是否可以采用其中一种方法来提供经济的测试程序。第一项研究包括 26 名（14 名女性/12 名男性）年龄在 12 至 13 岁之间的青少年高山滑雪运动员。所有运动员在 7 天内进行了两次 MBEHS 和两次 MUIHS 测试。使用基于一致性双向混合模型的组内相关系数（ICC 3,1）及其 95%置信区间来估计两种不同测试方式的可靠性。第二项研究包括 61 名（27 名女性/34 名男性）年龄在 10 至 13 岁之间的青少年高山滑雪运动员。所有运动员都进行了一次 MBEHS 和一次 MUIHS 测试。评估了不同测试方式的 Bland-Altman 图和 95%一致性区间以及 Pearson（r）之间的相关性。在研究 1 中，“差”到“中”（MBEHS 右腿 0.79（0.58-0.90）；左腿 0.83（0.66-0.92）；MUIHS 右腿 0.78（0.56-0.89）；左腿 0.66（0.37-0.83））ICC 值和 95%置信区间。两次试验之间的测量标准误差（SEM）在 18.3 至 25.1 N 之间。最小可检测差异（SDD）在 50.8 至 69.5 N 之间。在研究 2 中，MBEHS 和 MUIHS 之间的平均差异约为 20 N，MBEHS 的值更高。测试方式之间存在显著的中度至强相关性（r = 0.74-0.84，<0.001）。MBEHS 测试的 ICC 值较高，CV 值较低，SEM 值较高，SDD 值较低。所有这些都表明，MBEHS 测试比 MUIHS 测试更适合确定年轻高山滑雪运动员的最大腘绳肌力量。
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