Podrouzek W, Furrow D
Mount Saint Vincent University.
J Psycholinguist Res. 1988 Mar;17(2):89-98. doi: 10.1007/BF01067066.
The influences of sex, age, and conversational partner (mother vs. stranger) on eye contact during verbalizations were examined in a longitudinal study of 33 children at 2 and 4 years of age. A free-play sample was obtained of each child interacting with mother and with a male or female experimenter. The amount of eye contact in conjunction with verbalization was analyzed. Significant main effects were found for sex (females engaged in a higher percent of eye contact than males) and conversational partner (more eye contact while speaking exhibited to experimenter than to mother). There was an interaction between age and conversational partner, in that mother received more and experimenter relatively less percent of eye contact during verbalizations as children got older. Notably, there was no main effect for age. These results revealed sex differences at an age (2-2 1/2 years) and in a context (free-play setting) not previously studied, demonstrating the robustness of the effect. Further, age findings seem indicative of unique developmental trends for eye contact during verbalizations for the ages between 2 and 4 years.
在一项针对33名2岁和4岁儿童的纵向研究中，考察了性别、年龄和对话伙伴（母亲与陌生人）对言语表达过程中眼神交流的影响。获取了每个孩子与母亲以及男性或女性实验者互动的自由玩耍样本。分析了与言语表达相关的眼神交流量。研究发现，性别（女性进行眼神交流的百分比高于男性）和对话伙伴（与实验者交谈时的眼神交流比与母亲交谈时更多）有显著的主效应。年龄和对话伙伴之间存在交互作用，即随着孩子年龄的增长，母亲在言语表达过程中获得的眼神交流百分比相对更多，而实验者获得的相对较少。值得注意的是，年龄没有主效应。这些结果揭示了在一个此前未被研究过的年龄（2至2.5岁）和情境（自由玩耍环境）下的性别差异，证明了这种效应的稳健性。此外，年龄研究结果似乎表明了2至4岁儿童在言语表达过程中眼神交流的独特发展趋势。
