Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Jul;28(27):35844-35853. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13198-w. Epub 2021 Mar 6.
Studying the characteristics and health risks of heavy metals in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM) is a crucial component of understanding atmospheric pollution in China. Integrated 24 h PM samples were collected in winter and summer 2016 in Xi'an, China. The pollution levels, speciation, and health risks of seven PM-bound metal elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were investigated in this study. The average concentration of PM was 50.1 ± 30.4 μg m and was higher in winter than in summer. Significant seasonal variations in the elements were also observed. The average concentration ratios of Al, As, Cd, Cr, and Pb decreased in summer by 17.5%, 6.4%, 42.5%, 34.1%, and 61.4% compared with their concentrations in winter, respectively, whereas Ni and Zn increased by 37.7% and 7.6% in summer. The soluble and exchangeable fraction (F1) accounted for large proportions of Cd and Pb concentrations, indicating their greater hazard to the environment and human health. Al, As, and Cr mainly existed in the residual state (F4), which had relatively high stability in particulate matter. Ni was consistently distributed in different forms (F1-F4). The bioavailability evaluation indicated that Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn were potential bioavailable element which exhibited strong biological toxicity. Although the concentration of Pb was very low, its BI value was the highest. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of Cr and As were relatively high, and thus require attention from the government and environmental management departments.
研究大气细颗粒物（PM）中重金属的特征和健康风险是了解中国大气污染的关键组成部分。本研究于 2016 年冬、夏季在中国西安采集了 24 小时 PM 综合样本。调查了七种 PM 结合金属元素（Al、As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb 和 Zn）的污染水平、形态和健康风险。PM 的平均浓度为 50.1 ± 30.4 μg m，冬季高于夏季。各元素也表现出明显的季节性变化。与冬季相比，夏季 Al、As、Cd、Cr 和 Pb 的平均浓度比分别下降了 17.5%、6.4%、42.5%、34.1%和 61.4%，而 Ni 和 Zn 则分别增加了 37.7%和 7.6%。可溶和可交换部分（F1）占 Cd 和 Pb 浓度的很大比例，表明它们对环境和人体健康的危害更大。Al、As 和 Cr 主要以残余态（F4）存在，在颗粒物中相对稳定。Ni 始终分布在不同的形态（F1-F4）中。生物有效性评价表明，Pb、Cd、Ni 和 Zn 是潜在的生物有效元素，具有较强的生物毒性。尽管 Pb 的浓度非常低，但它的 BI 值是最高的。Cr 和 As 的致癌和非致癌风险相对较高，因此需要政府和环境管理部门的关注。
