Patterns of Resistance Differ in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treated with Type I versus Type II FLT3 inhibitors.

Despite promising results with FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3i), response durations remain short. We studied pretreatment and relapse bone marrow samples from patients with -mutated AML treated with FLT3i-based therapies (secondary resistance cohort), and pretreatment bone marrow samples from patients with no response to FLT3i-based therapies (primary resistance cohort). Targeted next generation sequencing at relapse identified emergent mutations involving on-target , epigenetic modifiers, pathway, and less frequently , and . and D835 mutations emerged most commonly following type I and type II FLT3i-based therapies, respectively. Patients with emergent mutations at relapse had inferior overall survival compared with those without emergent mutations. Among pretreatment mutated patients, pretreatment cohort level variant allelic frequencies for were higher in non-responders, particularly with type I FLT3i-based therapies, suggesting a potential role in primary resistance as well. These data demonstrate distinct pathways of resistance in -mutated AML treated with type I versus II FLT3i.