Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Can J Neurol Sci. 2022 Jan;49(1):29-37. doi: 10.1017/cjn.2021.41. Epub 2021 Mar 9.
Overuse of specific muscles in perfecting movements in performing arts makes an artist prone to many medical conditions. Musicians' hand dystonia is focal task-specific dystonia (FTSD) of hand among musicians that has been extensively studied. However, embouchure, lower limbs, and laryngeal muscles can also be affected among musicians. Embouchure dystonia (ED) refers to dystonia of the perioral and facial muscles that occurs in musicians while playing embouchure instruments. It is essential to identify ED since the dystonia might become persistent and non-task-specific if the musician continues to play the instrument. Task-specific dystonia of lower limbs among musicians has been exclusively reported among drummers. The diagnosis rests on electromyogram (EMG) of the involved muscles during the task. Singer's dystonia (SD) refers to task-specific laryngeal dystonia that occurs only while singing. The diagnosis of SD is based on laryngeal EMG and spectrographic analysis. Cortical hyperexcitability, loss of inhibition, and aberrant plasticity are central to the pathogenesis in both ED and musicians' hand dystonia. The pathophysiological studies in SD are limited. This review aims to discuss the lesser known dystonias among performing artists - ED, FTSD of lower limb, and SD.
在表演艺术中过度使用特定肌肉来完善动作会使艺术家容易患上许多医学疾病。音乐家手痉挛是音乐家中手部的局灶性任务特异性痉挛（FTSD），已经得到了广泛研究。然而，在音乐家中，吹奏乐器、下肢和喉部肌肉也可能受到影响。吹奏口部痉挛（ED）是指吹奏乐器时发生在音乐家口周和面部肌肉的痉挛。由于如果音乐家继续演奏乐器，这种痉挛可能会持续存在并变得非任务特异性，因此识别 ED 非常重要。音乐家下肢的任务特异性痉挛仅在鼓手中有专门报道。诊断依据是在执行任务时涉及肌肉的肌电图（EMG）。歌唱家痉挛（SD）是指仅在唱歌时发生的特定于任务的喉部痉挛。SD 的诊断基于喉部 EMG 和频谱分析。皮质兴奋性过高、抑制丧失和异常可塑性是 ED 和音乐家手痉挛发病机制的核心。SD 的病理生理学研究有限。本文旨在讨论表演艺术家中鲜为人知的几种痉挛，包括 ED、下肢的 FTSD 和 SD。
