Hesamian Mohammad Sadegh, Eskandari Nahid
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,
Neuroimmunomodulation. 2020;27(4):163-177. doi: 10.1159/000511308. Epub 2021 Mar 10.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable disease of the central nervous system. The cause of MS is not known completely, and pathology is specified by involved demyelinated areas in the white and gray matter of the brain and spinal cord. Inflammation and peripheral tolerance breakdown due to Treg cell defects and/or effector cell resistance are present at all stages of the disease. Several invading peripheral immune cells are included in the process of the disease such as macrophages, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, B cells, and plasma cells. Trace elements are known as elements found in soil, plants, and living organisms in small quantities. Some of them (e.g., Al, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Se) are essential for the body's functions like catalysts in enzyme systems, energy metabolism, etc. Al toxicity and Cu, Zn, and Se toxicity and deficiency can affect the immune system and following neuron inflammation and degeneration. These processes may result in MS pathology. Of course, factors such as lifestyle, environment, and industrialization can affect levels of trace elements in the human body.
多发性硬化症（MS）是一种中枢神经系统的不可预测的疾病。MS的病因尚不完全清楚，其病理学特征为大脑和脊髓白质及灰质中出现脱髓鞘区域。在疾病的各个阶段都存在由于调节性T细胞缺陷和/或效应细胞抗性导致的炎症和外周耐受破坏。疾病过程中包括几种侵入性外周免疫细胞，如巨噬细胞、CD8 + T细胞、CD4 + T细胞、B细胞和浆细胞。微量元素是在土壤、植物和生物体中少量发现的元素。其中一些（如铝、铜、锌、锰和硒）对身体功能至关重要，如酶系统中的催化剂、能量代谢等。铝中毒以及铜、锌和硒中毒与缺乏会影响免疫系统以及随后的神经元炎症和退化。这些过程可能导致MS病理学。当然，生活方式、环境和工业化等因素会影响人体中微量元素的水平。
