Phytotoxicity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles on L.

Due to the increased production and release of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the environment, the concerns about the possibility of toxicity and oxidative damage to plant ecosystems should be considered. In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of AgNPs (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/L) synthesized using the extract of camelina () leaves on the growth and the biochemical traits of camelina seedlings were investigated. The results showed that AgNPs significantly increased Ag accumulation in the roots and shoots which decreased the growth and photosynthetic pigments of camelina seedlings. The highest decrease in the height and total dry weight was observed by 53.1 and 61.8% under 4 g/L AgNPs, respectively over control plants. AgNPs application over 2 g/L enhanced the accumulation of proline, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and methylglyoxal, and up-regulated the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and glyoxalase (glyoxalase I and II) system which indicates oxidative stress induction in camelina seedlings. Moreover, AgNPs reduced ASA and GSH contents and increased DHA and GSSG contents, hence disrupting the redox balance. These results showed that AgNPs at 4 g/L had the most toxic effects on the camelina growth. Therefore, increasing oxidative stress markers and the activity of antioxidant enzymes and enzymes involved in glyoxalase system indicated the oxidative stress induced by AgNPs treatments over 2 g/L as well as the induction of antioxidant defense systems to combat AgNPs-induced oxidative stress.