Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Feb 23;11:614981. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.614981. eCollection 2020.
Growth hormone (GH), mainly produced from the pituitary somatotrophs is a key endocrine regulator of somatic growth. GH, a pleiotropic hormone, is also involved in regulating vital processes, including nutrition, reproduction, physical activity, neuroprotection, immunity, and osmotic pressure in vertebrates. The dysregulation of the pituitary GH and hepatic insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) affects many cellular processes associated with growth promotion, including protein synthesis, cell proliferation and metabolism, leading to growth disorders. The metabolic and growth effects of GH have interesting applications in different fields, including the livestock industry and aquaculture. The latest discoveries on new regulators of pituitary GH synthesis and secretion deserve our attention. These novel regulators include the stimulators adropin, klotho, and the fibroblast growth factors, as well as the inhibitors, nucleobindin-encoded peptides (nesfatin-1 and nesfatin-1-like peptide) and irisin. This review aims for a comparative analysis of our current understanding of the endocrine regulation of GH from the pituitary of vertebrates. In addition, we will consider useful pharmacological molecules (i.e. stimulators and inhibitors of the GH signaling pathways) that are important in studying GH and somatotroph biology. The main goal of this review is to provide an overview and update on GH regulators in 2020. While an extensive review of each of the GH regulators and an in-depth analysis of specifics are beyond its scope, we have compiled information on the main endogenous and pharmacological regulators to facilitate an easy access. Overall, this review aims to serve as a resource on GH endocrinology for a beginner to intermediate level knowledge seeker on this topic.
生长激素（GH）主要由垂体生长激素细胞产生，是调节躯体生长的关键内分泌调节剂。GH 是一种多效激素，也参与调节包括营养、生殖、体力活动、神经保护、免疫和脊椎动物渗透压在内的重要生理过程。垂体 GH 和肝胰岛素样生长因子（IGFs）的失调会影响与促进生长相关的许多细胞过程，包括蛋白质合成、细胞增殖和代谢，从而导致生长障碍。GH 的代谢和生长作用在不同领域有有趣的应用，包括畜牧业和水产养殖。最近发现的新的垂体 GH 合成和分泌调节剂值得我们关注。这些新的调节剂包括刺激物 adropin、klotho 和成纤维细胞生长因子，以及抑制剂核结合蛋白编码肽（nesfatin-1 和 nesfatin-1 样肽）和鸢尾素。本综述旨在对脊椎动物垂体 GH 内分泌调节的现有认识进行比较分析。此外，我们还将考虑一些有用的药理学分子（即 GH 信号通路的刺激剂和抑制剂），这些分子对于研究 GH 和生长激素细胞生物学非常重要。本综述的主要目的是提供 2020 年 GH 调节剂的概述和最新信息。虽然每个 GH 调节剂的广泛综述和深入分析都超出了其范围，但我们已经编译了有关主要内源性和药理学调节剂的信息，以方便访问。总的来说，本综述旨在为初学者和中级水平的 GH 内分泌学知识寻求者提供一个关于 GH 内分泌学的资源。
