Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2020 Jun 1;292:113465. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113465. Epub 2020 Mar 14.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are master regulators of the reproductive axis in vertebrates. During early mammalian embryogenesis, GnRH1 neurons emerge in the nasal/olfactory placode. These neurons undertake a long-distance migration, moving from the nose to the preoptic area and hypothalamus. While significant advances have been made in understanding the functional importance of the GnRH1 neurons in reproduction, where GnRH1 neurons come from and how are they specified during early development is still under debate. In addition to the GnRH1 gene, most vertebrate species including humans have one or two additional GnRH genes. Compared to the GnRH1 neurons, much less is known about the development and regulation of GnRH2 neuron and GnRH3 neurons. The objective of this article is to review what is currently known about GnRH neuron development. We will survey various cell autonomous and non-autonomous factors implicated in the regulation of GnRH neuron development. Finally, we will discuss emerging tools and new approaches to resolve open questions pertaining to GnRH neuron development.
促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）神经元是脊椎动物生殖轴的主要调节者。在哺乳动物胚胎发育早期，GnRH1 神经元出现在鼻/嗅觉基板中。这些神经元进行长距离迁移，从鼻子移动到视前区和下丘脑。虽然在理解 GnRH1 神经元在生殖中的功能重要性方面取得了重大进展，但 GnRH1 神经元来自何处以及它们在早期发育中是如何特化的仍存在争议。除了 GnRH1 基因外，大多数包括人类在内的脊椎动物物种都有一个或两个额外的 GnRH 基因。与 GnRH1 神经元相比，关于 GnRH2 神经元和 GnRH3 神经元的发育和调节，人们知之甚少。本文的目的是综述目前关于 GnRH 神经元发育的知识。我们将调查各种涉及 GnRH 神经元发育调节的自主和非自主因素。最后，我们将讨论新兴的工具和新方法，以解决与 GnRH 神经元发育相关的悬而未决的问题。
